TWO STEP IMPEDANCE MATCHING USING

QUARTER WAVE TRANSFORMERS FOR

RESISTIVE AND NON-RESISTIVE LOADS

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
FOR OPTIMUM
POWER
TRANSFER
• RESISTANCE PER UNIT
LENGTH OF THE CONDUCTOR,
R (Ω/m).
• INDUCTANCE PER UNIT
LENGTH, L (H/m).
• CONDUCTANCE PER UNIT Positive
LENGTH DUE TO THE
DIELECTRIC MEDIUM
SEPARATING THE
CONDUCTORS, G (S/m)
• CAPACITANCE PER UNIT
Neutral
LENGTH , BETWEEN THE TWO
CONDUCTORS C (F/m)
 Characteristic Impedance,
Z0
• Ratio of positively
travelling voltage wave to
the positively travelling
current wave at any point
on the line.
• General Impedance
Matching Criteria :

Zin=ZL=Z0
Waveguide is the type of transmission line which carries
microwave frequencies from source to load.
There are the basic two types of the waveguides.
•Circular waveguide
•Rectangular waveguide
Need for Impedance Matching in RF
Transmission Lines.
• Impedance Bridging is not
applicable in case of RF
connections.

• Power is reflected back

to the input leading to
creation of standing
wave
(interference between two
waves travelling in
opposite directions).
A quarter-wave impedance
transformer, is a component
consisting of a length of transmission
line or waveguide exactly one-quarter
of a wavelength (λ) long and terminated
in some known impedance.
It can be implemented using a reduced
height section in case of waveguides.

Zin = Input impedance

The variation of the Input Impedance
with the Characteristic Impedance of
the line , for a line of length l, is governed
by:

For Short
Transmission
Lines:
 Now,
a Quarter Wave Length Line:
Z1 , Z2 :
SECTION
IMPEDANCES
Lossless Transmission Lines with Non-
resistive Loads

Reflection Coefficient at Load

L-network Technique

Impedance-Matching L-networks
(to set VSWR close to 1)
Types of L-networks
 L-network Solutions
RL > Z0 :
 L-network Solutions
RL < Z0 :
Sample Output:
Results
Enter line impedance:50
Enter load impedance:75+i*90
Reactance solutions for matching:
X1 =
-2.4229e+005
X2 =
1.5920e+006
Susceptance solutions for matching:
B1 =
0.0155
B2 =
-0.0024

The values obtained by simulation closely match the values obtained by Fong and Kuno.
 Future Scope
• Can be expanded in scope to enable the
determination of impedance values of
matching sections for other types of
transmission lines such as coaxial lines.

• Similar matching schemes for optical

transmission lines such as fiber-optic cables
can also be implemented in future.
 ReferenceS
Journal and Conference Papers:

1. Arijit Das, Diptadip Chakraborty, J. Sanyal and J. P. Banerjee, “Simulation of the

circuit characteristics of a millimeter-wave pulsed IMPATT oscillator embedded in
a reduced – height cavity”, MDCCT National Conference, 2010.
2. Arijit Das, "Simulation and Optimization of a Quarterwave Transformer for a W-
Band Reduced height Type IMPATT Oscillator", IJEST Vol 3, No. 6, June 2011.
3. Sovanjan Chakraborty, Debajyoti Deb, Judhajit Sanyal, Archisman Majumder, Arka
Dutta Gupta, Pritam Mukherjee, Soham Choudhury, "Impedance Matching in Rf
Transmission Lines for Optimal Power Transfer", FOSET 2012.
4. Fong T. T., Kuno W H. J, “Millimeter-Wave Pulsed IMPATT Sources”, IEEE
Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-27, No. 5, May 1979,
pp. 49
Books:
“Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks and Coupling Structures” -George
L. Matthaei, Leo Young and E.M.T. Jones, Artech House, 1980.
THANK YOU