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T
q k
y y 0
T
k Value of k Ts T are known
y y 0
h T
Ts T
Value of y y 0
needs to be estimated
Recap….
Boundary layer - proposed by Prandtl in 1904
Types:
Hydrodynamic or Velocity boundary layer
defined as that distance from the boundary in which the velocity
reaches 0 to 99 % of the free stream velocity
Prandtl Number (physically) is the ratio of kinematic viscosity (γ) to the thermal
diffusivity (α)
Significance:
provides a measure of relative effectiveness of the momentum and energy
transport by diffusion
connecting link between the velocity field and temperature field and its value
strongly influences relative growth of velocity and thermal boundary layers.
Convection Analysis
Main purpose of convective heat transfer analysis is to
determine:
- heat transfer coefficient, h
• The fluid flows over the surface with a uniform free-stream velocity V, but the
velocity within boundary layer is two-dimensional (u=u(x,y), v=v(x,y)).
• In a steady flow
Rate of mass flow into control volume = Rate of mass flow out of control volume
dm = ρ (dx.dy.1)
Momentum Equation
The flow is steady and two-dimensional and thus u=u(x, y), the total
differential of u is
u u
du dx dy
x y
The forces acting on a surface are due to pressure & viscous effects and are
proportional to the area
If Bx is the body force per unit volume in the x direction, then body force in
x-direction is Bx.(dx.dy.1)
Substituting for mass, acceleration, surface force & body force (for x-
direction) in Newton's law of motion, we get
Momentum Equation
u u 2u P
(dx.dy.1) u v Bx (dx.dy.1) 2 (dy.1)
x y y x
Dividing by (dx dy)
u u P 2u
Bx x y 2
u x v y
x – direction
v v P 2u y – direction
B y y x 2
u x v y
The above sets of equation are known as Navier stokes equations for a
steady, two dimensional flow of an incompressible, constant property fluid
We know that, for a two dimensional flow (without heat generation), the
equation is given as
2T 2T T
k c p
x y 2 t
2
2T 2T T T
k 2 2 c p u v
x y x y
u 2 v 2 u v 2
2
x y y x
Convective Analysis
Total number of unknowns (Factors influencing the value of h):
1.Three velocity components (u, v, w)
2.Temperature (T)
3.Pressure (P)
4.Density (ρ)
5.Viscosity (μ)
6.Thermal conductivity (k)