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Chapter 3

Conservation equations for Mass,


Momentum & Energy
Recap….
CONVECTION: Heat transfer process that occurs between a
solid surface and a fluid medium when they are at different
temperatures and have a relative motion between them.
Q
qconv   h(Ts  T ) W/m2 (Newton’s law of cooling)
A
h – influenced by thermo physical properties of fluid, flow
velocity and surface geometry.
Value varies from point to point as the properties vary with
temperature & location.
Local heat transfer coefficient & Average heat transfer
coefficient

Determination of the value of h is difficult (but critical)


Recap….
Mechanism of Convection:
• By pure conduction at the surface or boundary
• Macroscopic fluid motion in the rest of the region

Macroscopic fluid movement enhances heat transfer, since it brings


cooler chunks of fluid into surface contact continuously, initiating
higher rates of heat transfer

T
q  k
y y 0

T
k Value of k Ts T are known
y y 0
h  T
Ts  T
Value of y y 0
needs to be estimated
Recap….
Boundary layer - proposed by Prandtl in 1904

Types:
Hydrodynamic or Velocity boundary layer
defined as that distance from the boundary in which the velocity
reaches 0 to 99 % of the free stream velocity

Thermal boundary layer


defined as the distance from the boundary in which the
temperature difference varies from 0 to 99 % of the initial
temperature difference

Flow types – Laminar & Turbulent flow


characterized by Reynolds's number
Inertial force U x  x l For a flow over flat plate:
Re    Re < 5 x 105 - Laminar flow
viscous force   Re > 5 x 105 - Turbulent flow
Boundary Layer Concept
Prandtl Number (Pr): defined as the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to
the thermal diffusivity.
Momentum diffusivit y c p  
Pr   
Thermal diffusivit y k 

Prandtl Number (physically) is the ratio of kinematic viscosity (γ) to the thermal
diffusivity (α)

Kinematic viscosity indicates the impulse transport through molecular friction


whereas thermal diffusivity indicates the heat energy transport by conduction
process

Significance:
provides a measure of relative effectiveness of the momentum and energy
transport by diffusion

connecting link between the velocity field and temperature field and its value
strongly influences relative growth of velocity and thermal boundary layers.
Convection Analysis
Main purpose of convective heat transfer analysis is to
determine:
- heat transfer coefficient, h

How to solve a convection problem ?


• Solve governing equations along with boundary conditions
• Governing equations include
1. conservation of mass
2. conservation of momentum
3. conservation of energy
• Solving all these equations is a tiresome task.

Steady, two dimensional incompressible flow of constant property


Convection Equations
• Consider the parallel flow of a fluid over a surface
• Assumptions:
– laminar flow,
– steady two-dimensional flow
– Newtonian fluid
– constant properties

• The fluid flows over the surface with a uniform free-stream velocity V, but the
velocity within boundary layer is two-dimensional (u=u(x,y), v=v(x,y)).

• Three fundamental laws


1. conservation of mass - continuity equation
2. conservation of momentum - momentum equation
3. conservation of energy - energy equation
Continuity Equation
• Conservation of mass principle ─ the mass can not be created or destroyed during a
process.

• In a steady flow
Rate of mass flow into control volume = Rate of mass flow out of control volume

• The mass flow rate is equal to: ρuA

• Considering unit thickness,


x – direction
Fluid enters the control volume from the left surface at a rate of ρu(dy.1)
 u 
Fluid leaves the control volume from the right surface at a rate of ρ  u  x dx  (dy.1)
Continuity Equation
Repeating the same procedure in y-
direction, we get

• Substituting the results in the conservation equation, we get


 u   v 
u  dy.1  v dx.1    u  dx  dy.1    v  dy  dx.1
 x   y 
• Simplifying and dividing by (dx dy), we get
u v (Continuity Equation in cartesian system)
 0
x y
vr v v z
 r   0 (Continuity Equation in cylindrical system)
r r z
Momentum Equation
The differential forms of the equations of motion in the velocity boundary
layer are obtained by applying Newton’s second law of motion to a differential
control volume element in the boundary layer.

Two type of forces:


body forces and surface forces.

Newton’s second law of motion for a control volume is given by

Mass x (Acceleration in the specified direction)


= Net force (body & surface) acting in that direction

i.e m . a( x )  Fbody ( x )  Fsurface ( x )


where the mass of the fluid element within the control volume is

dm = ρ (dx.dy.1)
Momentum Equation
The flow is steady and two-dimensional and thus u=u(x, y), the total
differential of u is
u u
du  dx  dy
x y

Then the acceleration of the fluid element in the x direction becomes


du u dx u dy u u
ax    u v
dt x dt y dt x y

The forces acting on a surface are due to pressure & viscous effects and are
proportional to the area

Viscous stress can be resolved into two perpendicular components


• Normal stress
• Shear stress

Normal stress should not be confused with pressure


Momentum Equation
Neglecting the normal stresses, the net
surface force is given as
    P    P 
Fsurface( x )   dy (dx.1)   dx (dy.1)    (dx.dy.1)
 y   x   y x 
  2u P 
   2  (dx.dy.1)
 y x 
The body forces is external force (like gravity) acting on the fluid particle and
is proportional to the volume

If Bx is the body force per unit volume in the x direction, then body force in
x-direction is Bx.(dx.dy.1)

Substituting for mass, acceleration, surface force & body force (for x-
direction) in Newton's law of motion, we get
Momentum Equation
 u u    2u P 
 (dx.dy.1)  u v   Bx (dx.dy.1)    2  (dy.1)
 x y   y x 
Dividing by (dx dy)

 u u  P  2u
   Bx  x   y 2
 u x  v y 
x – direction
 
 v v  P  2u y – direction
   B y  y   x 2
 u x  v y 
 

The above sets of equation are known as Navier stokes equations for a
steady, two dimensional flow of an incompressible, constant property fluid

The above 2 equations along with continuity equation presents a set of 3


equations to solve the three unknowns u, v and p.
Energy Equation
The concept of conservation of energy has been already discussed in the
conduction chapter

We know that, for a two dimensional flow (without heat generation), the
equation is given as
  2T  2T  T
k     c p
 x y 2 t
2

But, the total time derivative of temperature is given as


T  T T 
  u v 
t  x y 

Hence the energy balance equation is given as


  2T  2T   T T 
k  2  2   c p  u v 
 x y   x y 
Energy Equation
In certain cases (highly viscous fluid), certain work dW is done by fluid to
overcome the viscous effect which results in energy dissipation due to friction.

Accounting for the energy given out by viscous dissipation we have

  2T  2T   T T 
k  2  2   c p  u v   
 x y   x y 

Where  is given as (after a lengthy analysis)

 u  2  v  2   u   v  2
  2            
 x   y    y   x 
Convective Analysis
Total number of unknowns (Factors influencing the value of h):
1.Three velocity components (u, v, w)
2.Temperature (T)
3.Pressure (P)
4.Density (ρ)
5.Viscosity (μ)
6.Thermal conductivity (k)

By assumption and simplification, the number of unknowns are reduced as

1.Two velocity components (u, v)


2.Temperature (T)
3.Pressure (P)
which requires a system of 4 equations

The 4 equations are given by continuity equation, x –momentum & y – momentum


equations and energy equation

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