1. Apa itu Sains?

Sains
Kajian yang sistematik tentang fenomena alam.
Contoh fenomena semulajadi
•Letupan gunung berapi.

•Pertumbuhan bayi

•Gerhana matahari
•Peleburan ais
• Pembentukkan pelangi
 Bidang – bidang Sains

1 Biologi Kajian tentang benda hidup

2 Fizik Kajian tentang tenaga dan kesannya ke atas jirim

3 Kimia Kajian tentang jirim dan tindak balas antaranya.

4 Geologi Kajian tentang batuan, tanih dan mineral

5 Astronomi Kajian tentang planet, bintang, dan

objek lain dalam alam semesta

6 Meteorologi Kajian tentang perubahan cuaca dan iklim

Kerjaya dalam sains
•Doktor
•Pakar diet
•Ahli botani
•Ahli botani
•Ahli farmasi
•Ahli farmasi
•Ahli meteorologi
•Ahli kimia
•Jurutera
•Arkitek
•Saintis
•Angkasawan.
 Kepentingan Sains
• Sains membantu kita memahami alam
sekitar
• Sains meningkatkan taraf kehidupan
• Sains menawarkan kerjaya yang
berasaskan sains
• Sains meyumbang kepada penemuan dan
penciptaan baru.
2. A Science Laboratory
Hazard Symbols
 Hazard Symbols
Symbol and meaning Examples
1 Petrol & Kerosene
Phosphorus
Highly flammable Alcohol / Ethanol
2 Sodium
Potassium
Explosive Hydrogen
 Hazard Symbols
Symbol and meaning Examples
3 Ammonia
Chlorine
Harmful / Irritant Chlorofom
4 Mercury Lead
Sodium cyanide
Hydrogen sulphide
Toxic / Poisonous Bromine
 Hazard Symbols
Symbol and meaning Examples
5 Sodium hydroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Concentrated acids
Corrosive & alkalis
6 Uranium
Radium
Thorium

Radioactive
Plutonium
COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

CONTAINER

Beaker
Conical flask
Flat-bottomed
Round-bottomedflask
flask
COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Test
Filter
tubefunnel
holder

Gas jar
Crucible

For
ToToheating
contain
hold
To filter mixtures
chemicals
testgas
of solids tubes
and liquids
COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Tripod
Crucible
Bunsen
Wire
stand
burner
tongs
gauze

ToTo
To provide
support
conduct aexcess
flame
apparatus
To during
hold
for hot objects
heating
heat heating
away
COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Glass
Retort stand
Syringe
Evaporating
rod
and
dishclamp

To For stirring
hold the apparatus
To
For transfer small
evaporating liquid
while experiments are
fromliquids
quantities a of liquids
solution
being done
COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

Pipette
Thermometer
An
ToBurette
measure a
Measuring
Stop
ammeter
fixed volume of
cylinder
watch
solutions
An
To instrument
measure to
a small
accurately
volume of solutions
To measure
Tomeasure
measure electric
the
accurately
volume
To measure
of solutions time
accurately
temperature
current Suction pump
BUNSEN BURNER

Barrel

Collar
Air-hole
Gas inlet
Base
 BUNSEN BURNER

1. Air-hole open 1. Air-hole close

2. Non-luminous 2. Luminous-gives
does not give out light out light
3. Does not give out soot 3. Gives out a lot of soot
[Gas is completely burn]
4. Suitable for heating- 4. Not suitable for
very hot heating-not very hot

Just remember one side only

BUNSEN BURNER
 Steps in lighting a Bunsen burner

1 Close the air hole by turning the collar

2 Light a match and bring it near the barrel

3 Turn on the gas pipe

4 Adjust the collar on the Bunsen burner

3. The Steps in a
Scientific Investigation
 Steps in a Scientific Investigation
1 Identify the problem
2 Making a smart guess/ hypothesis
3 Plan the experiment
4 Control the variables
5 Carry out the experiment
6 Recording/Collect data
7 Analysing the data
8 Interpreting the data
9 Making conclusions
10 Writing reports
4. Physical Quantities
and Their Units
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES & THEIR UNITS

Quantity Unit Symbol of unit

Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Electric current ampere A
 Physical quantity Measured by using

1. Length
A metre rule
Beam balance
2. Mass
Electronic
Lever balance balance

3. Time A stop watch

4. Temperature A thermometer

5. Electric current An ammeter

 PREFIXES
Prefix Symbol Value of prefix

kilo- k 1000

1
centi- c
100
1
milli- m
1000
Examples
show
how
prefixes are
used
5. Weight and Mass
1. The amount of 1. The pull of the Earth
matter in the object on the object
2. Always the same 2. Not always the same-
WEIGHT IS NOT
anywhere depends on the force of gravity

THE SAME
3. Measured by using a
lever balance or a triple- ASspringMASS
3. Measured by using a
balance or a
beam balance compression balance

4. Measured in kilograms 4. Measured in newtons

Balance for measuring Weight

Spring balance Compression balance

Balance for measuring Mass

Lever balance Beam balance

Electronic balance
 WEIGHT AND MASS

Weight
Mass Earth Moon Outer space

1 kg 10 N 10/6 N 0N

60 kg 600 N 100 N 0N
60 kg 60 kg 60 kg

1 kg = 1 x ( gravity = 10 ) = 10 N
Balance for measuring Mass

Triple beam balance Lever balance

Beam balance Lever balance

6. Measuring Tools
 Measurement of Length

● to measure the length of

short straight line

● to measure the length of

long straight line

● to measure the length of

a curved line

4. An opisometer (map measurer)

● to measure the length of a

crooked line
 Measurement of Length

5. External callipers

6. Internal callipers
 Measurement of Length
Measuring the thickness of a beaker

External diameter = 2.2 cm

Internal diameter = 2.1 cm

Thickness of the beaker = External diameter – Internal diameter

2
= 0.1 = 0.05 cm
2
4.8 cm – 4.6 cm
2
= 0.1 cm
= 1mm
 Measurement of Length
The correct way to read the scale on a ruler
Measuring a curved line using a thread and a ruler
Measurement of Area
1

PMR 2008
Measuring the volume of liquids

To measure the
volume of liquids

To measure a small volume

of liquids accurately

To measure a fixed volume

of liquids accurately

Use a suction pump to suck

liquid into a pipette. Do not use
your mouth
 Measuring the volume of liquids
The correct way to read the scale on a
measuring cylinder
 Measuring the volume of liquids
The correct way to read the scale on a measuring cylinder
 Measuring the volume of liquids
To improve the accuracy of the reading
. use a hand lens to read the scale
. put a piece of white paper behind the scale
 WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
To measure the volume of regular and
irregular solids
Estimating the volume of irregular solids

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

 Estimating the volume of a cork

Volume of the cork = ( 58 – 52 ) ml

= 6 ml
= 6 cm³
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
Estimating the volume of irregular solids

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
EUREKA CAN