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Peptides and
Proteins
LUDITHA LUMAPAT-PE, MD, CFP,
FPAAB
Chair, Department of Biochemistry
The Proteins speak:
“We are the basis of structure
and function of life;
Composed of twenty amino acids,
the building blocks;
Organized into primary, secondary,
tertiary
and quaternary structure;
Classified as simple, conjugated
and derived proteins.”
AM INO ACI DS
H H
R C COOH R C COOH
NH2 NH3
General Structure
⍺ - amino acids
amino
groups – attached to
the
carboxyl same carbon Atom
• 4 groups
3. Taste
sweet (Gly, Ala, Val)
tasteless (Leu)
bitter (Arg, Ile)
Sodium Glutamate
– salt of Glutamic Acid – flavoring agent
4. Optical Properties
- Assymetric a carbon atom is
attached to 4
different groups
4 distinct groups R
H - held by
an
COOH ⍺-
carbon
All AA except Glycine possess
optical isomers due to
asymmetric ⍺-carbon atom
CHO
CHO
H C OH OH C
H
CH2OH CH2OH
D-Glyceraldehyde L-
R R
H C NH2 H2N
C H
COOH COOH
D-Amino Acid
L-Amino Acid
Zwitter
from German word – means
“hybrid”
H໋ R C COOH H໋
NH2
H Amino Acid H
R C COOH R C
COO ¯
NH3໋ H NH2
Cation H໋ H໋ Anion
(low pH) R C COO ¯ (high
pH)
Isoelectric pH (symbol pI)
–
Calculation of the pI value
–
໋
Leucine
–
B. Chemical Properties
General Reactions mostly due to the
2 functional
groups
2. Decarboxylation
- AA undergo decarboxylation to
R CH
COO¯
R CH2 + CO2
NH3໋
NH3໋
this reaction
assumes
3. Reaction with Ammonia
8. Oxidative deamination
- AA undergo oxidative
deamination to liberate