TEMPORARY STRUCTURE

Raymond G. Blanco DOLE OSH Practitioner

HSE International Consultancy
HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT
HSE International Consultancy
HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT
HSE International Consultancy
HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT
HSE International Consultancy
HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT
SCAFFOLDING – RULE1414
SCAFFOLD means any temporary elevated
platform (made of timber, metal or bamboo) and
its supporting structure (including points of
anchorage) used for supporting employees or
materials or both in the course of any
construction works, including maintenance and
demolition works.

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Function

• As a working platform
• So that the worker can stand on the platform to do
their work easily and safely
• So that the workers can place their materials and
logistics to carry out their job
• As a platform and walking passage
Scaffolding support the platform used by the worker as their
walking path to transport the material and logistics

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 Classification of
Scaffolds
1. Supported Scaffolds
2. Suspended Scaffolds

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Supported Scaffolds

are platforms
supported by legs,
outrigger, beams,
brackets, poles,
uprights, posts,
frames, or similar
rigid support.

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Frame or fabricated scaffolds
• the most common type of
scaffold because they are
versatile, economical, and
easy to use.
• frequently used in one or two
tiers by residential
contractors, painters, etc.,
but their modular frames can
also be stacked several
stories high for use on large-
scale construction jobs.
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Mobile scaffolds

• a type of supported scaffold

set on wheels or casters.
• designed to be easily moved
and are commonly used for
things like painting and
plastering, where workers
must frequently change
position

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Tube and coupler scaffolds
• they are built from tubing
connected by coupling devices.
• are frequently used where heavy
loads need to be carried, or where
multiple platforms must reach
several stories high.
• Their versatility, which enables
them to be assembled in multiple
directions in a variety of settings,
also makes them hard to build
correctly.
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Pole scaffolds

• Are types of supported scaffold

in which every structural
component, from uprights to
braces to platforms, is made of
wood.
• Cannot easily be reused, and
considered old- fashioned and
are rarely used today.

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Bamboo Scaffold:
Bamboo scaffold may be used for painting or
light construction work constructed and
maintained.
(a) the material and construction shall be sufficient to carry at least four (4)
times the imposed load,
(b) only one worker shall be allowed in any one span;
(c) the maximum span between posts shall be 266 cm. (8 ft.)
(d) when the height or fall is over 6.6 in. (20 ft.), the use of safety belt shall be
required;
(e) when erected over a height of 10 meters (30 ft.), the design shall be by a
structural engineer approved by the proper authority and construction shall be
under expert supervision, (f) the maximum height allowed is 20 meters (60 ft.)

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BAMBOO SCAFFOLDS

Timber/bamboo scaffoldings shall

be limited to a height of 20 meters
from the ground or base provided
that, over a height of 10 meters,
the scaffolding and all other
installation constructed over the
scaffolding shall be designed by a
structural engineer and duly
approved by the appropriate
authority.

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Ladder Scaffolds or Ladder jack Scaffolds:

A ladder scaffold shall be used only when:

(a) the work is of such light nature and the
material required for the work is light and
can be hung on the ladder.
(b) the distance between the ladders of the
scaffold is less than 3 m.

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Ladder Scaffolds or Ladder jack Scaffolds:

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Suspended Scaffolds
contains one or more platforms suspended by
ropes or other non-rigid means from an overhead
structure.

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Suspended Scaffolds

• Support Device rest on surfaces capable of

supporting at least four times the load imposed
• Counterweights
– Must be able to resist at least four times the tipping
moment
– Secured mechanically to outrigger arm
– Made of non-flowable materials
– Tiebacks must be installed
• Guardrails or personal fall arrest system or both

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Suspended scaffold:

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Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds

• also known as swing- stage

scaffolds, are perhaps the
most common type of
suspended scaffold.
• Hung by ropes or cables
connected to stirrups at each
end of the platform, they are
typically used by window
washers on skyscrapers.

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Single-point Adjustable
• consists of a platform
suspended by one rope from an
overhead support and equipped
with means to permit the
movement of the platform to
desired work levels.
• The most common among these
is the scaffold used by window
washers to clean the outside of a
skyscraper (also known as a
boatswain's chair).
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Skips, brackets, boatswain chair:
(a) short duration and the work is under the
supervision of the person responsible for the
construction.
(b) No skip, bracket, or basket shall be used as a
suspended scaffold unless it is:
 at least 76 cm. deep
 either constructed of metal or carried by two strong
bands of metal fastened around the sides and bottom.

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Hazards in the Use of Scaffolds

Falls from elevation

Struck by falling tools / debris
Scaffold collapse
Electrocution

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Recommended Control Measures
• Falls from elevation
– Use guardrails
– Must be fully planked
– Use fall arrest systems
• Struck by falling tools or debris
– Barricade the area below the scaffold
and forbid entry
– Use panels or screens
– Build a canopy or net
– Toe boards

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Platform, Runways, Ramps and Stairs:

(1) All working platforms, runways and ramps

from which workers are liable to fall a distance
of more than 2 m. (6 ft.) shall be:
(a)for platform with minimum width of 70 cm. (28 in.) the
runways and ramp shall be 45 cm. (18 in.) and if runways are
used for the passage of materials, the width shall not be less
than 70 cm. (28 in.)
(b)provided with strong guard rails up to a height of 91 cm. (35
in.) above the working surface and toe boards of at least 20 cm.
(8 in.) in height.

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Recommended Control Measures
• Scaffold collapse
– Proper scaffold construction
• Firm foundation
• Plumbed and level
• All components installed
– Do not overload with people or
equipment
– Provide wall ties or anchorage
– Have a competent person check
scaffold

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Recommended Control Measures

• Electrocution
– Observe
clearance/distances
required between power
lines and scaffolding
– De-energize the lines
– Install protective covering

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Clearance from Power Lines

Line Voltage Minimum Distance

Less than 300 3 feet (0.9 m)
volts
300 volts to 50 10 feet (3 m)
KV
more than 50 KV 10 feet (3 m) plus 4 inches for
every 10 KV over 50 KV

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 Mobile Scaffolds

Plumb, level and squared

Braced to prevent collapse
Casters and wheels locked
to prevent movement
while in a stationary
position
Not allowed to ride on
scaffolds when moving

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Three Stages of Scaffolding

• Building Scaffolds
• Using Scaffolds
• Removing /
Dismantling
Scaffolds

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Stage 1: Building Scaffolds
1. Persons Involved – wear PPE
2. Site Specific Hazards Identification
– Erectors
• Classification of Scaffolds
• Inspect all scaffold parts before use (cracks,
dents, bends, breaks, corrosion & bad
welds)
• Condition of fittings (distorted, stripped,
missing, bent parts)
• Condition of scaffold planks (cracks, splits)
• Damaged scaffold (tagged, set aside, repaired
or replaced)

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Stage 1: Building Scaffolds

3. Erection of scaffolds
– Supervised by competent person
4. Means of safe Access
– Stairs/ Ladders
– Frame scaffolds
– Platforms are fully planked
5. Fall protection systems and falling object
protection

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Platform
– No paint on wood platforms
– Use scaffold grade wood
– Fully planked between front upright and guardrail
support
– Component pieces used must match and be of the
same type
– Erect on stable and level ground
– Platform Ends: Each end of a platform, unless
cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks, must
extend over its support by at least 6 inches
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Proper Scaffold Access

Provide access when scaffold platforms are more

than 2 feet above or below a point of access

No access by cross braces

When using ladders, bottom rung
no more than 24 inches high
Can use some end frames
Can access from another scaffold,
structure or hoist
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Permitted types of access:

• Ladders, such as portable,

hook-on, attachable, stairway
type, and built-ins
• Stair towers
• Ramps and walkways
-May use building stairs and
come out window

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Stage 2: Using Scaffolds

• Training of personnel in the proper use of the

scaffold and hazards associated
• Establish and communicate jobsite rules
– Put in writing
– Taught to all employees
– Part of the safety culture

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Stage 2: Using Scaffolds

Scaffold Inspection
•Competent person inspects
scaffolds for visible defects
before each shift and after any
alterations
•Defective parts must be
immediately repaired
•Provide Scaffold tags

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Stage 3: Removing / Dismantling of Scaffolds

• Must be done by trained personnel

• Proceed in reverse order to its erection
• Workers should wear a safety harness and
lanyard tied off to a secured anchor before
attempting to loosen stuck or jammed parts.
• Do not hammer or pry apart the scaffold
components.
• Do not throw scaffold components

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Portable Ladders

• Used as work platform only when in use of small

hand tools and handling of light materials.
• Shall be of sufficient length and be placed such that
worker will not stretch
• Damaged ladders shall be removed and tagged
“unsafe” or “destroyed”
• Positioned at 1 horizontal to 4 vertical
• With handhold of at least 3 feet

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 STANDARD REQUIREMENTS:

• Every scaffold shall be of good construction of sound

materials and strength for the purpose for which it is
intended.
• Timber used for scaffolds shall be in good condition, the
bark completely stripped off, and not painted or treated
in any manner that defects cannot be easily seen.
• All materials and parts of scaffold not in use or intended
for re-use shall be kept under good condition and
separate from other materials unsuitable for scaffolds.

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 STANDARD REQUIREMENTS:
• At heights over 20 meters, structural metals should
be used designed by a structural engineer and duly
approved by the appropriate authority;
• Structural steel when used as load bearing members
of scaffolding shall be distressed at welded or bent
joints and design construction approved by the
proper authority.

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