DC Motor and Generator

Rotating Electrical Machinery

DC Generator
Operating Principle of a DC Machine

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• Strength(no of lines of
force)
• Velocity
• Length Of conductor.
• E=B L v
 But as actual motion is not
Motion in the straight line straight line but rotating

Assuming it cut the same number

of lines in its motion
 At 90 degrees maximum lines are
At the top no lines are cut . cut

Hence no emf induced.

Maximum emf induced.
 Final Emf

All Machines Produces AC internally.

 Now We need to produce AC.
• HOW??
So many loops wound on a rotor.
Problem is Sparking

1.Position of brushes.
No Spark as no potential difference.
Armature reaction
Separately exited generator
Self Exited

Must be initially magnetised.

Residual Magnetism provide enoug

Magnetism to initially run the
generator
 Series Wound
Because of this series connection it has poor
Voltage regulation.

Field Winding in series with the armature

Additional load will cause more current to flow as more current flows the and it wi ll cause more
Current to flow in the field coil, Increase in field strength will increase voltage and increase
In voltage causes more current to flow, This continuing action stops only when the coil saturates.
• Field winding
• Small number of turns
• Large cross section area
• Low resistance
Hence ,increase in load will increase the voltage and when the load decreasezs the
Voltage decrease.Hence voltage regulation in series wound alternator is
Vary poor.
 Parallel Wound
Now,the field current is independent of
The load current,hence increase in armature
Current will not cause increase in voltage.
Voltage regulation here is greatly improvrd.

Armature and field connected in parallel.

Hence change in load causes small change

In voltage.
 Compound wound Generator
Best feature of both. 1.Mag field oppose (Subtract)

Constant current supply

Series wound
Arc welding
Field Adding V-I Charcterstics

Good Voltage and fair current regulation.

 DC Motor
Force opposite as battery
Force applied polarity changeed
 Case1

Hence,Field below is made weaker and above

Made stronger hence the conductor moves
Downward.

As voltage supplied the mag field develops

Around the conductor,This magnetic field will
Interact with main field to move in the field or
Outside of the field.
Field away from us.

Field above opposed and field below

Strengthen hence conductor moves
Upward.

This is the basic principle of interaction on which DC motor works.

DC motor Component
At this point forces are in exact balnce,no
more motion
Adding another loop and two There will be no time balancing
commutator segment. Forces cancel each other.

There will be motion at all times.

The movement continues as one at Increasing the number of loops
balance other will provide torque. smoother its motion.

Hence there are many loops in actual DC

motor. Rotor.
Since we require the current direction change hence 2
commutator segment per loop are required.
Load added the sparking as
neutral plane shifts.
Adjustment of the brushes New adjusted plane.
 Generator Action DC motor

In DC motor rotation is desired so we supply

When a conductor is moved by mechanical energy Voltage,but an opposing emf also generated
An emf is induced in the coil,Generator action In the conductor.
Counter EMF CEMF

• Propotional to speed.
• Problem:-When motor is
started the emf=0 hence
large current is drawn.
• Hence limiting the current
till the CEMF is build up.
• If the full currrent is applied
it may worn out the rotor
winding.
CEMF must oppose the applied emf,according
Lenz law.
Starting Boxes are used to limit
current Using the R-Box
 Series of large resist
CEMF nuild
Initially
 Permanent Magnet
Series Wound
• High Starting Torque.
• Turning force
• Armature current and field
strength.
• Field strength is
proportional to current.
• More high current more
CBMF is genearated.
 But load prevents it .acting to
T prop I square, control speed of motor.

As motor begins to turn and attemping to

Develop enough CEMF to totally oppose the
Currently applied EmF.
Load Suddenly removed Broken belt
• The motor will rotate
continuously to build up
CEMF to balance EMF and
will destroy itself.
 Shunt Wound
Less starting torque but less
dependent upon load for speed
control
• Field coils are In parallel
directly across the battery
terminal.
• The starting torque is not
good as in series as starting
torque not affected by
current.
• Speed is fairly constant in
the conditions of changing
load.

Load Increases speed decreases.
This decreases the CEMF and
increases the current input.
• The increase in current
boost the coupling and
causes torque to increase
and maintain approximately
same speed.
• Sudden reduction will not
damage the motor as field
current independent od
rotor current.
 Compound Motor
To obtain starting torque series is
compound used.
Centrifugal switch cuts in shunt.
• Speed regulation is good.
Armature Winding in a DC Machine

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Lap Winding of a DC Machine

• Used in high current

low voltage circuits

•Number of parallel paths

equals number of brushes
or poles

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Wave Winding of a DC Machine

• Used in high voltage

low current circuits

•Number of parallel paths

always equals 2

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Voltage and Torque developed in a
DC Machine
•Induced EMF, Ea = Kam (volts)

•Developed Torque, Tdev = KaIa (Newton-meter

or Nm)

where m is the speed of the armature in

rad/sec.,  is the flux per pole in weber (Wb)
Ia is the Armature current
Ka is the machine constant

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Interaction of Prime-mover DC Generator
and Load

Tdev Ia
+
+
Prime-mover m DC Generator Ea VL

Load
(Turbine) -
Tpm -

Ea is Generated voltage
VL is Load voltage
Tpm is the Torque generated by Prime Mover
Tdev is the opposing generator torque

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 Interaction of the DC Motor
and Mechanical Load

Ia Tload
+
+ Mechanical
VT Ea DC Motor m Load
(Pump,
- - - Tdev Compressor)

Ea is Back EMF
VT is Applied voltage
Tdev is the Torque developed by DC Motor
Tload is the opposing load torque

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Power Developed in a DC Machine
Neglecting Losses,
•Input mechanical power to dc
generator

= Tdev m= KaIam =Ea Ia

= Output electric power to load

•Input electrical power to dc motor

= Ea Ia= Ka m Ia = Tdev m

= Output mechanical power to load

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Equivalence of motor and generator

•In every generator there is a motor (Tdev opposes Tpm)

•In every motor there is a generator (Ea opposes VT)

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Magnetization Curve

Ea  K a m

•Flux is a non-linear
function of field current and
hence Ea is a non-linear
function of field current

•For a given value of flux Ea

is directly proportional to
m

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Separately Excited DC Machine
RA

+
Vf - Armature

Field Coil

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 Shunt Excited DC Machine

Shunt Field Coil Armature

RA

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Series Excited DC Machine
RA

Armature

Series Field Coil

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 Compound Excited DC Machine
Series Field Coil

Shunt Field Coil Armature

RA

•If the shunt and series field aid each other it is called a cumulatively
excited machine
•If the shunt and series field oppose each other it is called a differentially
excited machine

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Armature Reaction(AR)

• AR is the magnetic field produced by the

armature current

•AR aids the main flux in one half of the

pole and opposes the main flux in the
other half of the pole

•However due to saturation of the pole

faces the net effect of AR is demagnetizing

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Effects of Armature Reaction

• The magnetic axis of the AR is

900 electrical (cross) out-of-
phase with the main flux. This
causes commutation problems as
zero of the flux axis is changed
from the interpolar position.

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Minimizing Armature Reaction

•Since AR reduces main flux, voltage in

generators and torque in motors reduces
with it. This is particularly objectionable in
steel rolling mills that require sudden torque
increase.

•Compensating windings put on pole

faces can effectively negate the effect
of AR. These windings are connected
in series with armature winding.

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Minimizing commutation problems
•Smooth transfer of current during
commutation is hampered by
a) coil inductance and
b) voltage due to AR flux in the interpolar
axis. This voltage is called reactance voltage.

•Can be minimized using interpoles. They

produce an opposing field that cancels out
the AR in the interpolar region. Thus this
winding is also connected in series with the
armature winding.

Note: The UVic lab motors have interpoles in

them. This should be connected in series with
the armature winding for experiments.

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Question:

Can interpoles be
replaced by
compensating
windings and vice-versa?

Why or why not?

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 Separately Excited DC Generator
Ra
If Rf

+
+ RL Vt
Vf +
Ea Armature
- Field Coil -
- Ia

Field equation: Vf=RfIf Armature equation: Vt=Ea-IaRa

Vt=IaRL, Ea=Kam

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 Shunt Generators
If Ia Ia – If
+
Ea +
Shunt Field Coil Armature
-
RL Vt
Field coil has Rfw :
Implicit field resistance
Ra -

Rfc

Field equation: Vt=Rf If Armature equation: Vt=Ea-Ia Ra

Rf=Rfw+Rfc Vt=(Ia – If) RL, Ea=Kam

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Voltage build-up of shunt generators

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Example on shunt generators’ buildup

For proper voltage build-up the

following are required:

• Residual magnetism

• Field MMF should aid residual magnetism

•Field circuit resistance should be less than

critical
field circuit resistance

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 Separately Excited DC Motor
Ra
If Rf

+
+
Vf +
Ea Armature Vt
- Field Coil -
- Ia

Field equation: Vf=RfIf Armature equation: Ea=Vt-IaRa

Ea=Kam

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Separately Excited DC Motor
Torque-speed Characteristics
RA
+
+ Armature
Vf - Mechanical Load
-

Field Coil

Vt Ra
m   T
m K a ( K a ) 2

T
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Separately excited DC Motor-Example I

A dc motor has Ra =2 , Ia=5 A, Ea = 220V, Nm = 1200 rpm.

Determine i) voltage applied to the armature, developed torque,
developed power . ii) Repeat with Nm = 1500 rpm. Assume same
Ia.

Solution on Greenboard

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Speed Control of Separately Excited
DC Motor(2)
•By Controlling Terminal Voltage Vt and keeping If or 
constant at rated value .This method of speed control is applicable
for speeds below rated or base speed.
T1<T2< T3 V1<V2<V3
m
T1 T2 T3

Vt Ra
m   T
K a ( K a ) 2

V1 V2 V3 VT

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 Speed Control of Separately Excited
DC Motor
•By Controlling(reducing) Field Current If or  and keeping
Vt at rated value. This method of speed control is applicable
for speeds above rated speed.

T1<T2< T3  1>  2>  3

m

1 Vt Ra
T1 m   T
K a ( K a ) 2

2 T2
T3
3

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Regions of operation of a Separately
Excited DC Motor

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 Separately excited dc motor –Example 2

A separately excited dc motor with negligible armature resistance

operates at 1800 rpm under no-load with Vt =240V(rated voltage).
The rated speed of the motor is 1750 rpm.
i) Determine Vt if the motor has to operate at 1200 rpm under no-load.
ii) Determine (flux/pole) if the motor has to operate at 2400 rpm
under no-load; given that K = 400/.
iii) Determine the rated flux per pole of the machine.

Solution on Greenboard

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 Series Excited DC Motor
Torque-Speed Characteristics
Ra Rsr Rae

+
Armature

Series Field Coil -

T Vt R  Rsr  Rae
m   a
K sr T K sr

m
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Losses in dc machines

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 Losses in dc machines-shunt motor
example
If Ia Ia – If
+ +
Vt
Ea
Shunt Field Coil -
-
Armature Mechanical Load
Field coil has Rfw :
Implicit field resistance
Ra
Rfc

Field equation: Vt=Rf If Armature equation: Vt=Ea+Ia Ra

Rf=Rfw+Rfc Ea=Kam

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