WATER QUALITY STANDARD

 The primary objective of water quality standards is to protect human

health from the adverse effect resulting from excessive
concentrations of potentially health damaging substances in water
intended for human consumption.
 The 1992 World Health Organization ( WHO ) guidelines for drinking
water quality and the 1998 European Union Drinking Water Directive
are two example of international water quality standards.
 The European Union, water quality standards exist both for source
(raw) water and treated drinking (potable) water, the subject of a
number of directives :
- raw water : surface source ---- directive 75/440/EEC
ground source ---- directive 80/68/EEC
- drinking water ---- directive 80/778/EEC
---- directive 98/83/EC
 The above directives address water quality at source and the point of
delivery to the end-user.
Health Through Safe Drinking Water and Basic
Sanitation
 .WHO and UNICEF provide the UN system’s monitoring of progress on
MDG target 10.The JMP defined safe drinking water and basic
sanitation as follows :
 Drinking water is water use for domestic purpose, drinking, cooking, and
personal hygiene ;
 Access to drinking water means that the source is less than 1 kilometer away from its
place of use and that it is possible to reliably obtain at least 20 litres per member of a
household per day.
 Safe drinking water is water with microbial, chemical, and physical characteristic that
meet WHO guideline or national standard on drinking water quality.
 Access to safe drinking water is the proportion of people using improved drinking
water source ; household connection ; public standpipe ; rainwater.
 WHO strategic focus contributing to the world efforts toward the
achievement of the water and sanitation target deals with a range of
interventionals from promotion and advocacy at all levels to country
operations targeting the poor and underserved based on a strong and
authoritativemset of norms and best practice tools.
Microbiological and Biological quality (WHO)
 Inorganic Constituents of Health Significance (WHO)

Constituents Unit Guideline Value

Arsenic Mg/1 0.05
Asbestos - No guideline value
Barium - No guideline value
Berylium - No guideline value
Cadmium Mg/1 0.005
Chromium Mg/1 0.05
Cyanide Mg/1 0.1
Flouride Mg/1 1.5
Hardness - No health-related
guideline value
Lead Mg/1 0.05
Mercury Mg/1 0.001
Nickle No guideline value
Nitrate Mg/1 (N) 10
 Constituent Unit Guideline Value

Nitrite - No guideline value

Selenium Mg/1 0.01

Silver - No guideline value

Sodium - No guideline value

• These levels represent reasonable goals for drinking water quality.

• State may establish higher or lower levels , which may be appropriate,
depending on local condition.
• The parameters in these regulations be monitored at intervals no less
frequent then the monitoring performed for inorganic chemical contaminants
listed in the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation as applicable to
community system.
SAMPLING AND QUALITY OF LABORATORY DATA

 Raw and finished water should be continually monitored.

 Prior arrangement should also be made for treatment plant to be
immediately notified by upstream discharges in case of wastewater
treatment plant operational failure.
 Disinfectant residual, turbidity, and pH should be monitored continously.
Organic Constituents of Health Significance (WHO)
Unit Guideline Value Remarks
Aldrin and dieldrin µg/1 0.03
Benzene µg/1 10ª

Benzol (a) pyrene µg/1 0.01ª

Carbon µg/1 3ª Tentative guideline

Tetrachloride valueᵇ
Chlordane µg/1 0.3 -

Chlorobenzenes µg/1 No health related Odor thershold

guideline value concentration
between 0.1 and
3µg/1
Choloform µg/1 30ª Disinfection
efficiency must not
be compromise
when controlling
chloroform content
 MoH ( Ministry of Health ) :

Moh is responsible for drinking water quality assurance, so that the public
receives water that is safe for drinking by means of sanitary engineering
supervision of water sources, of treatment facilities an of the supply sysytems of
the various water suppliers.

The necessary standards of sanitary quality assurance of drinkung water are

being continually updated, with the development of research and knowledge
regarding the health effects of various components found drinking water. Most
standards formalized in drinking water qquality regulations have changed over
time in all countries of the world as the resut of the invention of more accurate
measurement methods and the discovery of hitherto unknown health effects.
Delivery and philosophy
 Through MOH, the Government manages the public healthcare system to ensure that good
and affordable basic medical services are available to all Singaporeans. We achieve this
through providing subsidised medical services while promoting individual responsibility for
the costs of healthcare services. Our population is thus encouraged to adopt a healthy
lifestyle, taking responsibility for one’s own health. Safety nets are provided however, to
ensure that no Singaporean is denied access into the healthcare system or turned away by
public hospitals because of lack of money.

Leadership and management

 Through the leadership of Minister for Health and the Permanent Secretary (Health),
the work of the Ministry is implemented through its three main groups: Policy and
Corporate Group, Operational Groups and the Professional Cluster. MOH also
licenses and regulates all healthcare establishments such as hospitals, nursing
homes, clinical laboratories, medical and dental clinics.

 The public healthcare delivery system is geographically structured as vertically

integrated delivery networks, Alexandra Health System (AHS), Eastern Health
Alliance (EH Alliance), Jurong Health Services (JHS), National University Health
System (NUHS), National Healthcare Group (NHG) and Singapore Health Services
(SHS).
 PERANAN
 Improving the health of Malaysians through formulas that are efficient and
effective policies and monitor the services provided by various health
agencies .
 Role is to assist the individual to achieve a level of good health in order to
enable it to carry out economic and social life that is productive.
 Providing services in terms of prevention , treatment and rehabilitation
effective by focusing on the less fortunate.
 Develop health research and development sector .

 Division Ministry Level

i. Arrangement
ii. Research & Technical Support
iii. Finance
iv. Public Health
v. Food Safety & Quality
vi. Medical
vii. Pharmacy Services
viii. Oral Health
 Drinking water quality standard

RECOMMENDED RAW DRINKING WATER

WATER QUALITY QUALITY
STANDARDS
parameter
group Maximum
Acceptable Value
Acceptable Value
(mg/litre (unless
(mg/litre (unless
otherwise stated))
otherwise stated))

Total caliform 1 5000 MPN / 100 ml 0 in 100 ml

E coli 1 5000 MPN / 100 M 0 in 100 m
Turbidity 1 1000 NTU 5 Ntu
Color 1 300 TCU 15 Tcu
pH 1 5.5 – 9.0 6.5 – 9.0
Free residual 1 - 0.2 – 5.0
chlorine
Combined chlorine 1 - Not less than 1.0
 Temperature 1 - -
Clostridium 1 - -
gerfringens (including
spores)
Coliform bacteria 1 - -
Colony count 22* 1 - -
Conductivity 1 - -
Enterococci 1 - -
Odour 1 - -
Taste 1 - -
Oxidisability 1 - -
Total dissolved solids 2 1500 1000

Chloride 2 250 250

Ammonia 2 1.5 1.5
Nitrat 2 10 10
ferum / iron 2 1.0 0.3
fluoride 2 1.5 0.4 – 0.6
 Hardness 2 500 500
Aluminium 2 - 0.2
Manganese 2 0.2 0.1
Chemical oxygen 2 10 -
demand
Anionic detergent 2 1.0 1.0
MBAS
Biological oxygen 2 6 -
demand
Nitrite 2 - -
Total organic carbon ( 2 - -
TOC )
Mercury 3 0.001 0.001
Cadminium 3 0.003 0.003
Arsenic 3 0.01 0.01
Cyanide 3 0.07 0.07
Plumbum / lead 3 0.05 0.01
chromium 3 0.05 0.05
 Cuprum 3 1.0 1.0
Zinc 3 3 3
Natrium / copper 3 200 200
Sulphate 3 250 250
Selenium 3 0.01 0.01
argentum 3 0.05 0.05
Magnesium 3 150 150
Mineral oil 3 0.3 0.3
Chloroform 3 - 0.2
bromoform 3 - 0.1
dibromoklorometana 3 - 0.1
Bromodiklorometana 3 - 0.06
Fenol / phenol 3 - 0.002
Antimony 3 0.002 0.005
Nickel 3 - 0.02
Dibromoacetonitrile 3 - 0.1
Dichloroacetic acid 3 - 0.05
 Dichloroacetonitrie 3 - 0.09
Trichloroacetic acid 3 - 0.1
Trichloroacetonitrie 3 - 0.001
Trihalomethanes – 3 - 1.00
total
Aldrin / deadrin 4 0.00003 0.00003
Ddt 4 0.002 0.002
Heptachlor & epoxide 4 0.00003 0.00003
Methoxychlor 4 0.02 0.02
Lindana 4 0.002 0.002
Chlordana 4 0.0002 0.0002
Endosulfan 4 0.03 0.03
hexachiorobenzena 4 0.001 0.001
1,2-dichloroethane 4 - 0.03
2,4,5-T 4 - 0.009
2,4,6-trichlorophenol 4 - 0.02
2,4-D 4 0.03 0.03
 2,4-DB 4 - 0.09
2,4_dichlorophenol 4 - 0.09
Acrylamide 4 - 0.0005
Alachlor 4 - 0.02
Aldicarb 4 - 0.01
Benzene 4 - 0.01
Carbofuran 4 - 0.007
MCPA 4 - 0.002
Pendimenthalin 4 - 0.02
Pentachlorophenol 4 - 0.009
Permethrin 4 - -
Pesticides 4 - -
Pesticides – total 4 - -
Polycylic aromatic 4 - -
hydrocarbons
Propanil 4 - 0.02
Tetrachloroethene 4 - -
and trichloroethene
 Vinyl chloride 4 - 0.005

Gross alpha ( α ) 5 0.1Bq/l 0.1Bq/l

Gross beta ( β ) 5 1.0 Bq/l 1.0Bq/l
tritium 5 - -
Total indicative dose 5 - -
CHLORINE
WHAT IS CHLORINE?
 Chlorine is used in water and wastewater treatment for
disinfection to destroy pathogens and control nuisance
microorganisms, and for oxidation. As an oxidant, it is used in
iron and manganese removal, destruction of taste and odor
compounds, and elimination of hydrogen sulfide.
HOW THE CHLORINE WORKS?
 Chlorine is a powerful oxidizing agent which must be handled
with care. Feeding of chlorine involve controlled dissolution
of the gas into a carrier water supply for delivery to the point
of application and blending with the water or wastewater
being chlorinated. Direct feed of chlorine gas into a pipe or
channel is not practiced for safety reasons(the danger is pipe
leaking gas outside the controlled environment of the
chlorine room).
ADVANTAGES OF CHLORINE
 It is usually readily available in one form or another and
relatively inexpensive.
 It dissolves easily in water.
 It provides residual disinfection .
 It is effective against a wide range of disease causing micro-
organisms.
DISADVANTAGES OF CHLORINE
 Chlorine disinfects water but does not purify it.
 Its effectiveness against some organisms requires higher
concentrations of chlorine and longer contact times.
 It can give an unpleasant taste if slightly overdosed, which
can dissuade people from using the supply.