Professional Documents
Culture Documents
点
• 1.法学专业术语要认真准确地掌握,如case law
statute court provide provide for liability liable
obligation rights enforce action claimant defendant ,
平时就要注意积累.特别是拉丁文的词汇.一般为
斜体
• 2.重要判例、立法要掌握,以便举例或进一步
说明。应包括在答案中back up the explanation。
有无提到相关判例及立法对得分影响较大。判例
法与成文法均是英国的法律渊源。记不住全称怎
么办?用关键词来代替,或in a decided case,
不要乱编。
学习要点
• 3.记忆时注意掌握关键词汇key aspects
or key words,然后将这些关键词汇串起来
记忆。主观题,有无关键词汇非常重要,
而且全文背诵难度较大。
• 4.努力培养法律意识,运用法律意识来
思考问题。如合同的违约救济方式,包括
损害赔偿;实际履行等。
• 5.多做练习.包括每章后的quiz以及发
的练习材料,以及往年试题.
考题分析
• 从法律专业知识的角度来说,题目并不难,
但由于要求英文回答,在语言表达上有一
定难度。而且从标准答案来看,要求回答
全面。例如某些法律原则的例外情况.
• 从2007年12月开始,教材和考试方式都有
一定的修改,教材也不断修订。2007年12
月开始,10道题,7道基础知识,3道案例
分析,都必做。不能选做。相对难度有所
增加。
Part A Essential elements of the
legal system
PART A 分为三部分:
IEnglish Law System; Source of English
Law; Human Rights
The English Legal System
• 如果个人或法人对共同体机构起诉,只能
到欧洲初审法院(The Court of First
Instance );对初审法院的判决可以上诉。
• 4.Tribunals 特别法庭
• Employment tribunals 劳工法庭
Employment Appeal Tribunals (EAT) 劳工
上诉法庭
• Note: advantages and disadvantages of
tribunals
Chapter 2 Sources of English
Law
• 本章讲述英国法的渊源,内容比较重要,
常常考到,希引起大家重视.
• 英国法的渊源包括判例法(case law又分为
普通法与衡平法),成文法(legislation,
statute law,又称为制定法),以及欧共体
法(或欧盟法).
Sources of English Law
• 1 Case law and precedent
• 1.1 common law and equity
• Key terms: The definition of common law
and equity
Sources of English Law
• 背景介绍:普通法是11,12世纪以来,通过
“遵循先例”的司法原则,在不同时期的
判例的基础上发展起来的,具备司法连贯
性特征并在全英格兰王国内普遍适用(此
为“common law”的由来)的各种原则,
规则等的总称.在法律实践中,它主要指
那些经由判例报道(law reporting)加以
记录而能够得以援用的部分.普通法的特
征包括:“遵循先例”的司法原则\陪审
团制度\强调程序法和形式公正,注重救
济等.
Sources of English Law
• 衡平法:指与普通法相对应的,由衡平法院在试图弥补普
通法的缺陷的过程中演变出来的,与普通法和成文法并行
的一套法律原则和规则体系,它构成了英格兰法的一大渊
源.普通法须遵循特定的诉讼模式,有时过于僵硬,那些
不在固定的诉讼模式之内的申诉在普通法法院得不到应有
的救济时,当事人可向国王申请救济,国王则指定御前大
臣(lord chancellor, 又称为司法大臣)来处理,御前大
臣根据公平和良心的原则来判案(此为衡平法的由
来).到15世纪,成立“衡平法院”,逐步发展形成衡平
法.现不再设专门的衡平法院.作为实体规则,普通法与
衡平法并未融合,而是继续保持各自鲜明的特征.例如,
在提供的救济\权利等方面存在不同.
Sources of English Law
• Three major changes produced by equity
• Notes: better remedies
• specific performance(特定履行,实际履行,强制
履行)
• Injunction(禁令)
• Rectification(修正,变更)
• Rescission(恢复原状,指恢复到合同订立时的状
态)
• Status quo 事物的现时状态
Sources of English Law
• 1.2 Doctrine of judicial precedent
• Key terms:
• judicial precedent 司法判例原则
• Stare decisis 遵循先例,较高级的法院在处理
某一类事实确立一项法律原则后,在以后该法院
或其同级,下级法院在处理案件中同类事实时应
遵循.主要理论依据:人的认识是不完备的,可
吸收前人的经验;法律适用前后保持一致,形式
公正;确保法律的确定性与可预测性.
Sources of English Law
• The operation of judicial precedent
• Based on three elements: Reports, Rules,
Classification
• Elements which should be considered before a
precedent can be applied: proposition of law
(法律要点), ratio decidendi(判决理由),
material facts, superior (or in some case,
equal )status
Sources of English Law
• 1.3 law reports 判例报告;判例报道
• The title of case, usually in the form such as Carlill
(claimant) v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (defendant)
• Sometimes in the name of the subject matter.
• You are required to remember the title and main
content( not necessarily the exact details) of most
important case in order to support your answer.
• If you forget, you should write “In a decided case”.
Never make up case names!
Sources of English Law
• 1.4 ratio decidendi(判决理由) and obiter dicta (随附意见)
• Statements made by judges can be classified as ration
decidendi or obiter dicta
• ratio decidendi(判决理由):法官明示或暗示作出其判决
的关键之处,或构成判决的依据,具有判例的拘束力;
• obiter dicta (or obiter dictum 随附意见):法官在作出判
决的过程中就某一案件并不直接相关的法律问题所作的评
论,它并非为本案判决所必要,因此不具有判例的拘束
力.Not binding on future cases but merely persuasive, 两种
随附意见的模式,通常以“by the way”开始.
• 注意两者的拼写。
Sources of English Law
• 1.5 distinguishing the facts
• 识别事实,确认前后案的事实是否相似或相同;
如果前后案的事实有重大不同,则可以不遵循先
例.
• 1.6 status of the court
• Not every decision made by in every court is binding
as a judicial precedent, the court’s status has a
significant effect on whether its decision are binding.
• 原则:只有高级别法院的判决才具有判例的效
力.哪些高级别法院呢?
• Remember the hierarchy of courts of England.
•
Sources of English Law
• 1.7 Court of Appeal exception
• 司法判例或先例拘束原则的例外;谈到司法判例原则必须
谈及该点.
• 1.8 persuasive precedents 任何法院所做的判决均具有说服
力,但并不一定具有拘束力.
• Key terms:
• Reverse: 上诉审法院撤销下级法院在上诉案件中所作的
判决或宣布其无效;该判决不复存在,当然不会具有先例
的拘束力.
• Overrule: 推翻先例,上级法院推翻下级法院在先前某一
案中所作的判决,该判决因此丧失了先例拘束力,但判决
本身仍然存在。
Sources of English Law
• 1.9 Avoidance of a binding precedent
• A number of grounds on which a court may decline to
follow a precedent:
• -Distinguish the facts
• -Declare the ratio decidendi obscure
• -Declare the previous decision made Per incuriam
(由于粗心大意)
• -Declare it to be in conflict with a fundamental
principle of law
• -Declare it to be too wide(宽泛,不够明确)
•
Sources of English Law
• 1.10 the advantages and disadvantages of
precedent
• -certainty
• -clarity
• -flexibility
• -detail
• -practicality: 实践性、适时性
Sources of English Law
• 2.Legislation
• Statute law : two forms, namely, Acts of Parliament
and delegated legislation under the Acts.
• Nowadays power of Parliament is restricted by UK
membership of the EC.
• 英国议会的立法不得违背其国际义务.
• 2.1 Parliamentary sovereignty
• Parliament may repeal; overrule; make new law.
Sources of English Law
• Cheney v. Conn, It was held that a statute could
not be challenged on the grounds that it was
illegal, or made for an unlawful purpose, for if
this were possible the supremacy of Parliament
would be denied.
• While there was a general presumption that
Parliament would not wish to override the UK's
international obligations it certainly had the
power to do so, where an Act conflicts with a
Convention the Act prevails.
Sources of English Law
• Codifying statute 汇编性立法(将判例法
汇编为一部成文法)
• Consolidating statute 合并性立法(将之前
的一部成文法以及之后的修改合并为一部
法律)
• 2.2 types of legislation
• Public Acts; Private Acts; Enabling legislation
(授权立法,类似中国法上的“实施细
则”)
Sources of English Law
• 2.3 Parliamentary procedure
• A proposal for legislation, first reading一读, second
reading, committee stage, report stage, third reading,
Royal Assent(御准,君主对议会两院通过的法案
予以认可,该法案方可生效,类似于中国法上的
“主席令”)
• Standing Committee 常设性委员会
• Come into operation, take effect, come into force生
效
• 2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of statute law
Sources of English Law
• 2.5 delegated legislation 委任立法,授权立法,指
行政机关等根据议会或国会的授权制定的法律,
19世纪后取得迅速发展.
• The term of delegated legislation
• Main forms: statutory instruments(行政立法性文件);
bye-law(细则);rules of Court;
• professional regulations(针对某一特定职业或专业
制定的条例,如法学会或律师协会对本团体会员
制定的规则) to regulate their member’s conduct;
• Orders in council (枢密院颁布的法令);
• 2.5.1 control over delegated legislation
Sources of English Law
• 2.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of
delegated legislation
• Parliament; scrutiny committee; challenged;
HRA; interpret Acts by judges.
• Enact 制定法律
• Civil servant 文官,指在政治或司法职务以外以
文职资格录用,由英王直接任命或经文官事务委
员会考核进入文官队伍,英王公仆,下列人员不
属于文官的范畴:法官.军官.警察.地方政府
职员
Sources of English Law
• 3 statutory interpretation
• Consists of: Rules, Presumptions, other aids or
assistances
• 3.1 rules of statutory interpretation
• 3.1.1 the literal rule and golden rule
• 文义解释规则;黄金解释规则(属于文义解释规
则的扩展)
• 3.1.2 the mischief rule 不确切文字释义规则;在
制定法的解释中,对于制定法中的不明确之处,
应从有利于实现制定法目的出发加以解释,以弥
补制定法的不足。
Sources of English Law
• 3.1.3 the purposive approach 目的解释方
法;近年来日益占据重要地位。
• 3.1.4 the contextual rule 上下文解释规则
Sources of English Law
• 3.2 General rules of interpretation:
• 1)The eiusdem generis (mean “of the
same kind”) rule “同一种类”规则,法
律列举许多特定事项后,用“其他…” 来结
束,对其他事项的解释应与特定事项的解
释应相
Sources of English Law
• 吻合,For example, in the phrase ‘cats, dogs
and other animals’, ‘other animals’ will be
interpreted by the court as referring to other
domestic animals.
• 2)Expressio unius est exclusio alterius(明示其
一即排除其他,即如果在法律中具体指定特定的
人或物,那么就意味着排除其他未被指定的人或
物)
• 3)Noscitur a socis : words must be understood in
their context 应从它们的同伴来理解;同类规则。
当字句有疑义时,应从其上下文来确定其意义。
Sources of English Law
• 4)in pari materia 关于同一问题或事项;若某部法律构成
了处理某一事项的一个系列的一部分,法院可参考这个系
列中之前法律的解释
• 3.3 Presumptions of statutory interpretation
• 除非法律另有明文规定,以下推定均可适用(在有相反证
据的情况下也可推翻)
• Note: A Statute does not have retrospective effect 法律
不具有溯及既往的效力
• 3.4 Other assistance in interpretation:
• Intrinsic aids; extrinsic aids
• Royal Commissions 皇家委员会;由在政府的授意下通过
皇家委任状任命的一些委员组成,其目的是调查事实或提
出法律改革建议。
Sources of English Law
• E.g. The Royal Commission on
Environmental Pollution (RCEP) is an
independent standing body established in
1970 . Although funded by the Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the
Royal Commission is independent of
Government Departments. The Commission
delivers its advice in the form of reports,
which are submitted to the Queen and to
Parliament.
Chapter 3 Human rights
• 本章内容包括4个部分:the European Convention on
Human Rights; The Human Rights Act 1998; Convention
Rights; The impact of the Act
• 1.the European Convention on Human Rights
• The definition of it
• The functions of European Court of Human Rights
(ECHR).
• 欧洲人权法院:成员国公民、民间团体和非政府组织可以
直接向法院起诉,由一个包括涉案成员国法官在内的三人
委员会确定是否受理;一旦同意受理,将由包括院长或副
院长、涉案国法官(如果该国无法官或其法官申请回避,
可指定一名第三国法官代理)在内的七名法官组成的法庭
进行审理。欧洲人权法院各法庭的审理结果为终审判决,
成员国必须执行。如2008年1月22日欧洲人权法院做出判
决称,法国拒绝一名女同性恋者收养儿童的请求是对同性
恋者的歧视。今后法国所有省份都不得以申请人的同性恋
身份为由拒绝其领养请求。
Human rights
• 2. The Human Rights Act 1998
• The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates
the European Convention on Human
Rights (ECHR) into UK domestic law.
• The Act binds public authorities, such as
government department, local authorities,
courts and school.
Human rights
• 3.Convention rights
• 3.1 Articles
• Right to life 生命权
• Right to liberty and security 自由与安全的权利
• Right to a fair trial 公平受审的权利
• No punishment without law 法无规定不为罪
• Right to respect for private and family life 私人和
家庭生活受尊重权
• Freedom of thought, conscience and religion 思
想和宗教自由
Human rights
• Freedom of expression 言论自由
• Freedom of assembly and association 集
会和结社权利
• Right to marry 婚姻权
• Prohibition of discrimination 禁止歧视
Human rights
• 3.2 protocols 议定书
• 财产受保护; 教育权;自由选举权;废除死刑.
• The rights under the Act fall into three categories:
• Absolute rights:绝对权,任何情况下均不得限制,
即使在战争或公共危机的情况下.例如生命权
• Derogable rights:可减损的权利,一定情况下可
由政府进行减损(不仅仅是出于公共利益的考
虑),例如自由和安全的权利,公平受审的权利
• Qualified rights:有限制的权利,为保护公共利
益而予以限制,例如集会与结社的权利.
Human rights
• 4. the impact of the Act
• The act has had an impact on new legislation, statutory
interpretation and the common law.
• 4.1 impact on new legislation
• Section 19 of HRA Statements of compatibility
• (1) A Minister of the Crown in charge of a Bill in either
House of Parliament must, before Second Reading of
the Bill—
• (a) make a statement to the effect that in his view the
provisions of the Bill are compatible with the Convention
rights; or
• (b) make a statement to the effect that although he is
unable to make a statement of compatibility the
government nevertheless wishes the House to proceed
with the Bill.
Human rights
• 4.2 impact on statutory interpretation
• 4.3 impact on the common law
• 4.4 Recent cases decided under the
Human Rights Act
• 4.4.1 proportionality case Brown v Stott
2001法庭对被告供认(自认)的依赖是否
侵害其公平受审的权利?
• Admission 自认
Human rights
• 4.4.2 interpretation case Ghaidan v Godin-
Mendozat 2004 同性恋”夫妇”能否被视
为法律意义上的夫妇?答案是肯定的.
• 4.4.3 Dignity of life cases Pretty v DPP
2001 协助自杀是否构成谋杀?不允许“安
乐死”是否侵害了生命权?
• NHS Trust A v M 2001:对植物人停止治疗
是否构成对其生命的剥夺?否.
Previous exams relating to Part A
• 1.Explain the doctrine of binding precedent in
English law paying particular regard to(a)the
hierarchy of courts;(b)the relative advantages
and disadvantages of this doctrine (2004
June)
• 2.Explain the powers of courts in interpreting
legislation, paying particular rules regard to
the rules they use in so doing; What are the
Human Rights Act 1998 affects this
process?(2004 December )
Past exams
• 3.Explain the distinction between the
following terms in relation to the doctrine of
precedent in the English legal system:(a) Ratio
decidendi and Obiter dictum; (b)reversing,
overruling and distinguishing(2005 June)
• 与2004 June的考题有相关性
• 4.In relation to the source of law, explain the
meaning of (a)case law; (b)statute law.(2005
December)
Past exams
• 5.In relation to the English legal system,
explain: (a) the meaning, scope and
effectiveness of delegated legislation; (b) the
powers of the courts to control such delegated
legislation.(2006 June)
• 6.Distinguish between and explain the roles of
following two courts in relation to English
Law: (a) the European Court of Justice; (b) the
European Court of Human Rights.(2006
December)
Past exams
7.In relation to English legal system,
distinguish between the following: criminal
law; civil law;
Explain the jurisdiction of the courts
dealing with criminal and civil law. (2007
December)
• 8.In relation to English legal system,
explain the following source of law:
common law; legislation.(2008 June)
Past exams
• Answers please refer to the website of ACCA
• http://www.accaglobal.com/students/study_exa
ms/qualifications/acca_choose/acca/fundament
als/cl/past_papers/eng
• Also read the relevant information, including
Examiners' reports, Technical articles,