The Secrets to Good Paragraph

Writing

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Four Essential Elements
Paragraph writing is the foundation of all essay writing,
whether the form is expository, persuasive, narrative, or
creative. In order to write a good paragraph, students need
to understand the four essential elements of paragraph
writing and how each element contributes to the whole. At
Time4Writing, a certified teacher acts as an online writing
tutor to help students build writing skills by focusing on the
fundamentals. And nothing in the writing process is more
fundamental than writing a solid paragraph.
The four elements essential to good paragraph writing are:
unity, order, coherence, and completeness. The following
example illustrates the importance of these elements in
paragraph writing
Before & After Comparison: From
a wandering paragraph to a
wonderful paragraph!

This example shows how one student approached the writing

prompt “What is your favorite day of the week and why?”
The original draft has some interesting ideas but overall, the
paragraph wanders. It includes both relevant and irrelevant
details and lacks the coherent focus required for a successful
paragraph.
In Time4Writing courses, students are taught that the
revision process is vital to writing successful paragraphs. They
learn how to use this key step to eliminate unnecessary
details and write a tightly structured paragraph
Before – Original Draft
Sunday is my favorite day of the week. I like it
because on Sunday, I watch football. On other
days, I also get to watch football but not all
day. There are other sports on other days to
watch on TV. Sunday lunch is a favorite of mine
because I eat with my father in front of the TV.
All the other days, I have to eat at the table
which is less fun. Some days my dad doesn’t
make it home from work until after I’m in bed.
Some weeks my dad travels, and I don’t see
him for several days. The highlight of the day is
when we watch the Dolphins play. Dad and I
get so excited, we yell and cheer together. The
thing that I like to do best in the world is watch
TV with my dad.
Teacher Observations (Before)
The topic sentence restates the
prompt but does not unify the
paragraph.
The writer includes several
irrelevant details.
The unifying idea in this paragraph
is that the writer likes Sunday
because it gives him/her a chance
to be with his/her dad. However,
the idea is buried in this draft.
After – Revised Draft
Sunday is my favorite day because I
spend the day watching football with
my dad.On Sunday, unlike the other
days of the week when he works, my
dad spends the whole day with me
watching football on TV. We even eat
lunch together while watching. The Teacher Observations (After)
highlight of the day is watching the The topic sentence connects the
Dolphins game. Dad and I get so writing prompt with a summary of the
excited, we yell and cheer together.On main idea.
Sundays, I get to combine watching my To keep the paragraph coherent, the
favorite sport and spending time with most relevant details have been
my favorite person—what a great day! polished, and the others deleted.
The closing sentence summarizes the
paragraph and emphasizes the main
idea.
What is a Paragraph?

Paragraphs are comprised of sentences, but

not random sentences. A paragraph is a
group of sentences organized around a
central topic. In fact, the cardinal rule of
paragraph writing is to focus on one idea. A
solidly written paragraph takes its readers on
a clear path, without detours. Master the
paragraph, and you’ll be on your way to
writing “gold-star” essays, term papers, and
stories
How to Write a Paragraph
Using the Four Essential
Elements
A basic paragraph structure usually consists of five
sentences: the topic sentence, three supporting
sentences, and a concluding sentence. But the
secrets to paragraph writing lay in four essential
elements, which when used correctly, can make a
okay paragraph into a great paragraph.

Element #1: Unity. Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic

sentence. Every paragraph has one single, controlling idea that is
expressed in its topic sentence, which is typically the first
sentence of the paragraph. A paragraph is unified around this
main idea, with the supporting sentences providing detail and
discussion. In order to write a good topic sentence, think about
your theme and all the points you want to make. Decide which
point drives the rest, and then write it as your topic sentence
•Element #2: Order. Order refers to the way
you organize your supporting sentences.
Whether you choose chronological order,
order of importance, or another logical
presentation of detail, a solid paragraph
always has a definite organization. In a well-
ordered paragraph, the reader follows along
easily, aided by the pattern you’ve
established. Order helps the reader grasp
your meaning and avoid confusion.
Element #3: Coherence. Coherence is the quality
that makes your writing understandable.
Sentences within a paragraph need to connect to
each other and work together as a whole. One of
the best ways to achieve coherency is to use
transition words. These words create bridges from
one sentence to the next. You can use transition
words that show order (first, second, third); spatial
relationships (above, below) or logic (furthermore,
in addition, in fact). Also, in writing a paragraph,
using a consistent verb tense and point of view are
important ingredients for coherency
Element #4: Completeness. Completeness means a paragraph is
well-developed. If all sentences clearly and sufficiently support
the main idea, then your paragraph is complete. If there are not
enough sentences or enough information to prove your thesis,
then the paragraph is incomplete. Usually three supporting
sentences, in addition to a topic sentence and concluding
sentence, are needed for a paragraph to be complete. The
concluding sentence or last sentence of the paragraph should
summarize your main idea by reinforcing your topic sentence
Prewriting Paragraphs
1. Think carefully about what you are going to write.
Ask yourself: What question am I going to answer in
this paragraph or essay? How can I best answer this
question? What is the most important part of my
answer? How can I make an introductory sentence (or
thesis statement) from the most important part of my
answer? What facts or ideas can I use to support my
introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph
or essay interesting? Do I need more facts on this
topic? Where can I find more facts on this topic?
2. Open your notebook. Write out your
answers to the above questions. You do not
need to spend a lot of time doing this; just
write enough to help you remember why and
how you are going to write your paragraph or
essay.
3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or
essay topic. Look for and write down facts that
will help you to answer your question.
Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are
writing are related to the exact question you are
going to answer in your paragraph or essay
4. Write down your own
ideas. Ask yourself: What else
do I want to say about this
topic? Why should people be
interested in this topic? Why
is this topic important?
5. Find the main idea of your
paragraph or essay. Choose the most
important point you are going to
present. If you cannot decide which
point is the most important, just
choose one point and stick to it
throughout your paragraph or essay.
6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops
your main idea. Once you have chosen the most important
point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the best
way to tell your reader about it. Look at the facts you have
written. Look at your own ideas on the topic. Decide which
facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your
paragraph. Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you
plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the
paragraph. Write down your own note set that you can use
to guide yourself as you write your paragraph or essay.
Topic Sentence
What is the topic sentence?
The topic sentence is the first sentence in a
paragraph

What does it do?

It introduces the main idea of the
paragraph

How do I write one?

Summarize the main idea of your paragraph.
Indicate to the reader what your paragraph will
be about.
Example

There are three reasons why Canada is one of

the best countries in the world. First, Canada
has an excellent health care system. All
Canadians have access to medical services at a
reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high
standard of education. Students are taught by
well-trained teachers and are encouraged to
continue studying at university. Finally,
Canada's cities are clean and efficiently
managed. Canadian cities have many parks and
lots of space for people to live. As a result,
Canada is a desirable place to live
Example:
There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best
countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent
health care system. All Canadians have access to
medical services at a reasonable price. Second,
Canada has a high standard of education. Students
are taught by well-trained teachers and are
encouraged to continue studying at university.
Finally, Canada's cities are clean and efficiently
managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots
of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a
desirable place to live
Supporting Details
What are supporting sentences?
They come after the topic sentence, making up
the body of a paragraph

What do they do?

They give details to develop and support the
main idea of the paragraph

How do I write them?

You should give supporting facts, details, and
examples.
Closing Sentence What is the closing sentence?
The closing sentence is the last sentence in a
paragraph. What does it do?
It restates the main idea of your paragraph.
How do I write one?
Restate the main idea of the paragraph using
different words.

Example:
There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in
the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All
Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price.
Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are
taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue
studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities are clean and
efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of
space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place
to live
Writing Paragraphs

What is the writing stage?

The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into
sentences. Five Writing Steps:
1. Open your notebook and word processor.
2. Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences,
and closing sentence.
3. Write clear and simple sentences to express your
meaning.
4. Focus on the main idea of your paragraph.
5. Use the dictionary to help you find additional
words to express your ideas
What is the editing stage?
The editing stage is when you check your Editing Paragraphs
paragraph for mistakes and correct them

Grammar and Spelling

Style and Organization
1. Check your spelling.
1. Make sure your paragraph has a
2. Check your grammar.
topic sentence.
3. Read your essay again.
2. Make sure your supporting
4. Make sure each sentence has a
sentences focus on the main idea.
subject.
3. Make sure you have a closing
5. See if your subjects and verbs
sentence.
agree with each other.
4. Check that all your sentences focus
6. Check the verb tenses of each
on the main idea.
sentence.
5. See if your paragraph is interesting.
7. Make sure that each sentence
makes sense
 Publishing Paragraphs
What is the publishing stage?
The publishing stage is when you produce a
final copy of your paragraph to hand in. Three
Publishing Steps:
1. Make a paper copy of your paragraph.
2. Show your work to your teacher, tutor, or
parents.
3. Ask them for hints on how to improve your
writing
Definition Paragraph
When writing a definition paragraph, you take
a thing or an idea and explain what it is

The following words can help you to write a good definition

paragraph:
1. "is defined as"
Example:A pest is defined as any animal or plant that damages
crops, forests, or property.
2. "is a kind of"
Example:A pest is a kind of animal or plant that damages
crops, forests, or property
Classification Paragraph
When writing a classification paragraph, you
group things or ideas into specific categories

Example: Write a paragraph discussing two types of energy resources.

The following words can help you to write a good classification paragraph:

is a kind of; Coal is a kind of non-renewable resource.

can be divided into; Energy resources can be divided into two types.
is a type of; Coal is a type of non-renewable resource.
falls under; Coal falls under the category of non-renewable resources.
belongs to; Coal belongs to the category of non-renewable resources.
is a part of; Coal is a part of the category of non-renewable resources.
fits into; Coal fits into the category of non-renewable resources.
is grouped with; Coal is grouped with non-renewable resources.
is related to; Coal is related to other non-renewable resources.
is associated with; Coal is associated with other non-renewable resources.
Description Paragraph
In a description paragraph, you are writing
about what a person, place, or thing is like.
Sometimes, you may describe where a place is
located.
Examples: Write a paragraph
describing what a polar bear looks
like. Describe where Canada's
industry is located

Properties size
Example: Polar bears are big in size.
colour
Example: Polar bears are usually white in colour.
shape
Example: Polar bears have a special shape.
purpose
Example: The purpose of the polar bear's fur is to keep it warm.
Measurement length
Example: The length of a polar bear's claws is 20 cm.
width
Example: The width of a polar bear's head is about 50 cm.
mass / weight
Compare and Contrast Paragraph
In a compare and contrast paragraph, you
write about the similarities and differences
between two or more people, places, things,
or ideas
Helper Words:
Similarities, Differences, is similar to
the other hand, both, however also,
but, too, in contrast ,as well, differs
from , while , unlike

Example:
Spring weather in Vancouver is similar to spring weather in Halifax.
Both Vancouver and Halifax have rain in the spring.
Halifax also has a rainy spring season.
Halifax has a rainy spring season, too.
As well, Halifax has rainy spring season.
On the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax.
However, winter is much colder in Halifax.
Vancouver has a mild winter, but Halifax has a cold one.
In contrast to Vancouver, Halifax has a cold winter.
Halifax differs from Vancouver by having a cold winter.
While Vancouver has a mild winter, Halifax has a cold winter
Sequence Paragraph

In a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to

describe a series of events or a process in
some sort of order. Usually, this order is based
on time. Example: Write a paragraph outlining
how a person becomes the prime minister.

Order first, second, third, etc.

Example: First, you need to become a leader of a political party.
Second, you need to win a seat in the House of Commons. Third, your
party must have a majority of seats.
in the beginning
Example: In the beginning, you need to become a leader of a political
party.
before
Example: Before becoming the prime minister, you need to become the
leader of a political party.
then
Example: Then, you must win a seat in the House of Commons.
after
Choice Paragraph

In a paragraph where you have to make a

choice, you need to choose which object, idea,
or action that you prefer. Often, you will need
to give your opinion on a choice of actions or
events.
Example: Write a paragraph stating whether
in my opinion you would prefer to play hockey or lacrosse
Example: In my opinion, hockey is more fun than lacrosse.
belief
Example: My belief is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse.
idea
Example: My idea is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse.
understanding
Example: My understanding is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse.
I think that
Example: I think that I would prefer to play hockey and not lacrosse.
I consider
Example: I consider hockey to be more exciting than lacrosse.
I believe
Example: I believe hockey is more exciting than lacrosse.
it seems to me
Explanation Paragraph
In an explanation paragraph, you need to
explain how or why something happens. Very
often in social studies class, you will be asked
to explore causes and effects of certain events

Example: Write a paragraph explaining why

so many Europeans moved to Canada during
the nineteenth century

because
Example: People moved to Canada from Europe during the nineteenth century
because they had poor living conditions in Europe.
since
Example: Since living conditions in Europe were terrible, many people moved to
Canada.
as a result of
Example: People moved to Canada from Europe as a result of poor living
conditions in Europe.
is due to / was due to
Example: The large influx of people to Canada was due to economic pressures
in Europe.
Evaluation Paragraph Example: Write a paragraph evaluating
In an evaluation paragraph, you make whether pesticides should be used on farms
judgments about people, ideas, and possible
actions. You need to make your evaluation
based on certain criteria that you develop. In
the paragraph, you will state your evaluation
or recommendation and then support it by
referring to your criteria

Criteria good / bad

Example: The use of pesticides such as DDT is bad for the environment.
correct / incorrect
Example: The belief that pesticides must be used is incorrect.
moral / immoral
Example: The use of pesticides to control pests is immoral because it harms
the environment.
right / wrong
Example: It is wrong to use pesticides because they harm the environment.
important / trivial
Example: The issue of pesticides is an important one because it affects the
environment.