Review 1

For test 1 Chapter 12 and 13

• Test will have part 1 Multiple choice
and part 2 show work problems
• One can receive partial credit in
Multiple choice if work is shown or
concept is explained
• BRING A SCANTRON
 Concentration Units
Molarity (M)
moles of solute
M =
liters of solution Mole Fraction (X)
moles solute (i)
Molality (m) Xi =
moles of solute
m = Total moles in solution
mass of solvent (kg)
Mole % of A = mole fraction A*100

Weight (mass) %
• Percent by volume: milliliters of
mass of solute x 100% solute/milliliters of solution (then
multiplied by 100%)
% by mass = mass of solute + mass of solvent

• Mass/volume percent: grams of

solute/milliliters of solution (then
multiplied by 100%)
 Henry’s law for Gas solubility Sg (mol/L)
Sg =KHPg

ROULT’s Law
Psolution = Xsolvent  Posolvent
Psolution = the vapor pressure of a mixture of solute and solvent
Po = the vapor pressure of the pure solvent
Xsolvent = the mole fraction of the solvent.

If 2 liquids A and B are mixed then Vapor of each of them in the

mixture are
PA = XA P0A PB = XB P0B Ptotal = PA ++ PB
Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in
solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.
0
Vapor-Pressure Lowering P 1 = X P
1 1

Boiling-Point Elevation DTb = Kb m

Freezing-Point Depression DTf = Kf m

Osmotic Pressure (p) p = MRT
Electrolyte/IONIC Substance Solutions (i is Vant Hoff factor)

Boiling-Point Elevation DTb = i Kb m

Freezing-Point Depression DTf = i Kf m
Osmotic Pressure (p) p = iMRT 4
 Chapter 12 Kinetics

Average Rate
change in concentration D [product ] D [reactant ]
Rate = = =-
change in time D time D time
In general for the reaction:
aA + bB  cC + dD
1 D A 1 D B 1 D  C 1 D D
Rate of reaction     
a Dt b Dt c Dt d Dt
(M/s)

Initial Rate Rate  k [A]x [B]y

x and y are the reactant orders determined from experiment.

x and y are NOT the stoichiometric coefficients.
Insert Table 13.2
 The Arrhenius Equation
-Ea
k = Ae RT

k is the rate constant T is the temperature in K

Ea is the activation energy R is the ideal-gas constant

(8.314 J/Kmol)

A is known the frequency or pre–exponential factor

æ k 2 ö Ea æ1 1ö
ln ç ÷ = ´ç - ÷
è k1 ø R è T1 T2 ø

Both A and Ea are specific to a given reaction.

 Catalysts
Lowers activation energy
Changes Reaction mechanism
But does not change Enthalpy
Speeds up reaction

Uncatalyzed reaction

Catalyzed reaction

• Reaction Mechanisms, Overall Reaction, Molecularity (unimolecular, bi molecular etc for each
Step in a multistep reaction pathway)
• Intermediates
• Rate Detreminating step is the slowest step and makes up the overall reaction rate law.
•Difference between a CATALYST vs Intermediate