MINITAB application for Cause-and-Effect

Diagram & Scatter Diagram.

Presented by : Neeraj Shukla JE(NQA), CQAE(MS) Mumbai

Cause-and-Effect Diagram(Ishikawa Diagram)

Invented in 1943
 Usefulness of Cause-and-Effect Analysis
It can be used when the team...
 needs to study a problem/issue to determine the root cause

 wants to study all the possible reasons why a process is

beginning to have difficulties, problems, or breakdowns
 needs to identify areas for data collection

 wants to study why a process is not performing properly or

producing the desired results
 6M’s of Cause-and-Effect Diagram

MAN MACHINE MOTHER

NATURE
Effect = Quality
Causes = Factors Characteristics

MATERIAL METHOD MEASUREMENT

 General Steps for making CE diagram
2
Quality Effect
Characteristics

1
Main
Causes

Sub
Causes
3
Effect
 Methods of Making CE Diagram
Dispersion analysis type Production process Cause enumeration type
classification type
 The secret of making it is to  The diagram main line follows  In this type all the possible
keep asking : “ Why does the the production process. causes simply listed.
dispersion occur?”  And all things that may affect  These causes must be
the quality are added to the organized in accordance with
process stage. product quality.

 Strong point : Since it  Strong point : It follows the  Strong point : All causes are
involves the breaking of sequence of the production listed and thus no major
dispersion, it helps organize process, hence it is easy to causes are missed.
and relate the factor for make and understand.
dispersion.
 Weak Point : The form of  Weak point : Similar causes  Weak Point : Diagram is
diagram depends on the appear again and again, and difficult to draw
person making it, and causes due to combination of
sometimes small causes are more than one factor are
not picked up. difficult to illustrate.
 Scatter Diagram
A scatter graph is a graph using paired data that can be used to find out
whether there is a relationship between two variables.
paired data is two separate pieces of data referring to the same thing
e.g. the age and value of a car
the height and shoe size of a person
the marks that a person gained in two separate tests.

A variable is a piece of information that can change.

e.g. test results - these can be any value, but will be a specific value for a
particular person's test.
 Scatter Diagram-Procedure
 Step1: Collect 50-100 samples of data whose relationship to be
investigated and enter them in data sheet.

 Step2: Draw the horizontal and vertical axes of the graph; indicate the
higher figure on the upper part of the vertical axes and to the right of the
horizontal axes. The cause values are placed on horizontal axes and the
effect values on the vertical axes.

 Step3: Plot the data on a graph

Interpreting Scatter Diagram
 The relationship between two variables is called a Correlation
 A line of best-fit is a line which helps us to identify the type of
correlation (positive, negative, no correlation) & make predictions
 The line of best fit is drawn so that the points are evenly distributed
on either side of the line
 The closer the dots to the line, the stronger the correlation
 Remember:
1. The line of best fit is a STRAIGHT LINE
2. It DOES NOT have to pass through the origin
3. It DOES NOT have to go through each point
 Scatter Diagram
Correlation:
is a measure of the relationship between two variables;
correlation is measure in terms of type and strength
correlation is assessed by being strong or weak

strong means there is a very strong relationship such as

‘the hotter the weather the more ice creams are sold’

weak means there is no relationship between things such as

‘the colder the weather the better my exam results will be’
Scatter Diagram
Correlation on a scatter diagram

strong correlation weak correlation no correlation

Notice how the crosses are grouped close together along an

imagined line
The crosses are less closely grouped in the example of weak
correlation.
Scatter Diagram
Correlation can also be described and positive or negative,
Depending on the slope (gradient) of the graph

positive correlation negative correlation

Positive correlation means that as one item increases, so does

the other. e.g. as a person’s height increases so does their armspan
Negative correlation means that as one item increases, so does
the other. e.g. as a car gets older its value decreases
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