DOC.

ANGEL CUYA
 Energy

Energy is the ability to do work. The word

‘work’ means transferring energy from one place
to another. energy is neither destroyed nor
created. It can only be changed.
 Thermal Electromagnetic
Sound

Types of
Radiant Energy Nuclear

Mechanical Electrical Chemical

Any object in motion has mechanical energy.
For example a ball flying through the air.
Energy caused by
the movement of
electrons.

Easily transported
through power lines
and converted into
other forms of energy.
• Comes from bonds between
atoms in molecules
• Chemical change = energy
released

• Examples:
• Gasoline burning in a car
• Food we eat
Comes from reactions
between atomic nuclei.

Fission splits

Fusion combines

HUGE amounts of
energy
 Includes energy
from gamma rays, x-
rays, ultraviolet rays,
visible light, infrared
rays, microwave and
radio bands.
The Thermal energy is the
internal kinetic energy
and it considers the
motion of every
constitutive particle of
the system (molecules,
atoms, electrons, etc.).
•Vibration of molecules
in surrounding medium
(usually air).
Flows through empty space
Examples:
Sunlight
Radio waves
X-rays
Renewable Non-renewable
 Renewable Energy
Those sources of energy which are being produced
continuously in nature and will never be
exhausted, are called renewable sources of
energy.
 Non-renewable Energy
Those sources of energy which have been produced
in nature over a very, very long time and cannot be
quickly replaced when exhausted, are called non
renewable sources of energy.
 Renewable sources Energy
Solar energy

Solar energy is the most readily

available source of energy. It
does not belong to anybody and
is, therefore, free. It is also the
most important of the non-
conventional sources of energy
because it is non-polluting and,
therefore, helps in lessening the
greenhouse effect.
 Biomass
Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from
the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural
activities. It is derived from numerous sources,
including the by-products from the timber industry,
agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, major
parts of household waste and wood.
 Hydel Energy
The energy in the flowing water can be used to
produce electricity. Waves result from the interaction
of the wind with the surface of the sea and represent
a transfer of energy from the wind to the sea. Energy
can be extracted from tides by creating a reservoir or
basin behind a barrage and then passing tidal waters
through turbines in the barrage to generate electricity.
 Geothermal Energy
We live between two great
sources of energy, the hot
rocks beneath the surface of
the earth and the sun in the
sky. Our ancestors knew the
value of geothermal energy;
they bathed and cooked in hot
springs. Today we have
recognized that this resource
has potential for much broader
application.
 Wind Energy
Wind energy is the kinetic energy
associated with the movement of
atmospheric air. It has been used for
hundreds of years for sailing, grinding
grain, and for irrigation. Wind energy
systems convert this kinetic energy to
more useful forms of power. Wind
energy systems for irrigation and
milling have been in use since ancient
times and since the beginning of the
20th century it is being used to
generate electric power. Windmills for
water pumping have been installed in
many countries particularly in the
 Non- Renewable Energy
Coal
Coal is the most abundant
fossil fuel in the world.
During the formation of
coal, carbonaceous matter
was first compressed into a
spongy material called
"peat," which is about 90%
water. As the peat became
more deeply buried, the
increased pressure and
temperature turned it into
coal.
OIL
Crude oil or liquid petroleum,
is a fossil fuel that is refined
into many different energy
products (e.g., gasoline, diesel
fuel, jet fuel, heating oil). Oil
forms underground in rock
such as shale, which is rich in
organic materials.
Nuclear power
In most electric power plants,
water is heated and converted
into steam, which drives a
turbine-generator to produce
electricity. Fossil-fueled power
plants produce heat by burning
coal, oil, or natural gas. In a
nuclear power plant, the fission
of uranium atoms in the reactor
provides the heat to produce
steam for generating electricity.
 Natural gas
Natural gas production is often a by-
product of oil recovery, as the two
commonly share underground reservoirs.
Natural gas is a mixture of gases, the
most common being methane (CH4). It
also contains some ethane (C2H6),
propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10).
Natural gas is usually not contaminated
with sulfur and is therefore the cleanest
burning fossil fuel.
CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS DE ENERGÍA
 ENERGÍA

 Es lo que permite hacer un trabajo: mover máquinas, procesar materiales para

convertirlo en un producto aceptado
 Se presenta como electricidad o calor entre otras
 La energía se puede transformar: calor en electricidad y viceversa
 Por ello existe una equivalencia acordada internacionalmente para programas
de uso eficiente de la energía
 FUENTES DE ENERGÍA

 Caídas de agua.
 Viento.
 Radiación solar.
 Mareas u Olas.
 Combustibles (pozos de gas o petróleo).
 Energía Nuclear,
 Geotérmica, etc.
En ocasiones estas energías están en forma potencial, como es el caso
de un embalse de agua o la capacidad de producir calor (combustión).
 TIPOS DE ENERGÍA QUE ADQUIERE
LA INDUSTRIA.

 Calor: Principalmente a través de la combustión de combustibles adquiridos;

gas licuado, gas natural, petróleo, carbón, biomasa, etc.

 Electricidad : Energía adquirida del distribuidor eléctrico de la zona a través

de una conexión con cierto voltaje, corriente eléctrica y energía (capacidad
empalme).
 TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA ENERGÍA

Todo tipo de energía se puede transformar

en otro tipo de energía. Los ejemplos más
típicos en la industria son:
 Electricidad: Puede producir energía mecánica a través de los motores eléctricos
para accionar maquinarias.
 Calor: Puede producir energía mecánica utilizando combustibles que se queman
en motores de combustión.
 Energía mecánica: Puede producir energía eléctrica por expansión de gases
calientes en turbinas eléctricas utilizando combustibles. Las turbinas a su vez
mueven generadores eléctricos (Se utiliza en cogeneración).
 PÉRDIDAS DE ENERGÍA

 Movimiento de equipos en vacío o con menos carga que su diseño. Se

da el caso en correas transportadoras, compresores, bombas,
molinos, clasificadores, ventiladores, etc.
 Control de flujos con resistencias mecánicas en vez de variar la
velocidad del elemento impulsor.
 Uso de presiones de compresión superiores a las requeridas.
 Uso de temperaturas superiores o inferiores a las necesarias en
procesos y almacenamiento.
 Desaprovechamiento de condiciones de luminosidad natural, colores
y alumbrado no eficiente
 EFICIENCIA

 E = Energía Utilizada en un Período. [Mkcal/año] ó [MBtu/año].

 U = Energía Útil = Mínima Teórica Necesaria para la Producción en

un período dado [Mkcal/año] ó [MBtu/año].

 P = Pérdidas De Energía

 Eficiencia Global = (U/E) x 100%

 EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA

 Es la utilización de menos energía (recursos) para producir la misma cantidad

de bienes o servicios o producir más bienes o servicios con la misma cantidad
de energía.
 Por ello se deben determinar donde se producen las pérdidas de energía
Censo Nacional 2007, la cobertura del servicio de
electricidad alcanza aproximadamente al 74,1% de las
viviendas. Sin embargo, el 95,9% de las viviendas
urbanas cuentan con servicio de electricidad, mientras
que solo el 46,4% de las viviendas rurales tienen
acceso a este servicio.
 Producción eléctrica acumulada a
nivel nacional alcanzó los 26,277 GW.h
(Gigavatios.hora)
ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES EN EL PERÚ
31.03.2010
Cuatro (4) centrales solares, tres (3) centrales eólicas,
dos (2) centrales biomasa y diecisiete (17) centrales
hidroeléctricas.

Aportaron una potencia de 424,1 MW al

SEIN (1 938 657 MWh/año)
23.08.2011
una (1) central solar, una (1) central eólica, una (1)
central biomasa y siete (7) centrales hidroeléctricas.

Incorporaron 210 MW al SEIN (1 552 706

MWh/año)
12.12.2013
catorce (14) contratos de proyectos de Centrales
Hidroeléctricas, cinco (5) proyectos adjudicados no
suscribieron contrato.

Incorporaron 192,8 MW al SEIN (1 171 509

MWh/año)
12.02.2016
trece (13) proyectos entre los cuales tenemos dos
(2) Centrales de Biomasa, dos (2) Centrales Solares,
tres (3) Centrales Eólicas y seis (6) Centrales
Hidroeléctricas.

Incorporaron 430 MW al SEIN (1 742 164

MWh/año).
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
- Historia de la energía
TEMARIO
- Como la energía es usado
- Carbón
- Petróleo
- Gas Natural
- Energía Nuclear
- Fisión
- Reactores
- Gestión de residuos
- Fusion
Trabajo – Aplicación de la fuerza a
WHAT IS ENERGY
través de una distancia.
Energía - La capacidad de trabajo.
Potencia - velocidad a la que se trabaja.
Calorías - cantidad de energía necesaria
para calentar 1 gramo de agua 1 C.
Joule - cantidad de trabajo realizado
cuando una fuerza de 1 newton es
ejercida sobre 1 metro.
 ENERGY HISTORY

• Muscle power provided by domestic animals has been important since dawn of
agriculture 10,000 years ago.
• World oil use peaked in 1979.
• Oil prices rose ten-fold in 1970’s.
• Early 1980’s saw increased interest in conservation and renewable energy.
• Oil glut in mid 1980’s caused prices to fall.
• U.S. now imports over half annual oil supply.
 CURRENT ENERGY SOURCES

• Fossil fuels currently provide about 86% of all commercial energy in the world.
• Hydroelectric dams supply about 7% of commercial power.
• Nuclear power makes up about 6.5 % of commercial power, but about 20% of electric
power in more-developed countries.
WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL ENERGY
PRODUCTION
 PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION

• Richest 20 countries consume nearly 80% of natural gas, 65% of oil, and 50% of
coal production annually.
• On average, each person in the U.S. and Canada uses more than 300 GJ (equivalent to
60 barrels of oil) of energy annually.
• In poorest countries of the world, each person generally consumes less than one
GJ annually.
PER CAPITA ENERGY USE AND GDP
 HOW ENERGY IS USED

• Largest share of energy used in the U.S. is consumed by industry (33%).

• Residential and Commercial buildings use 20% of primary energy consumed in
U.S..
• Transportation consumes about 27% of all energy used in the U.S..
• Three trillion passenger miles and 600 billion ton miles of freight carried annually by
motor vehicles in the U.S..
 HOW ENERGY IS USED

• About half of all energy in primary fuels is lost during conversion to more
useful forms while being shipped, or during use.
• Nearly two-thirds of energy in coal being burned to generate electricity is lost during
thermal conversion in the power plant.
• Another 10% is lost during transmission and stepping down to household voltages.
U.S. ENERGY FLOW
 COAL

• Fossilized plant material preserved by burial in sediments and compacted and

condensed by geological forces into carbon-rich fuel.
• Most laid down during Carboniferous period (286 million to 360 million years ago).
 COAL

• Resources and Reserves

• World coal deposits are ten times greater than conventional oil and gas resources
combined.
• Under current consumption rates, this could last several thousand years.
PROVEN-IN-PLACE COAL RESERVES
 COAL

• Mining
• Between 1870 and 1950, more than 30,000 coal miners died of accidents and injuries
in Pennsylvania alone.
• Several thousands have died of respiratory diseases.
• Black Lung Disease - Inflammation and fibrosis caused by accumulation of coal
dust in the lungs or airways.
 COAL

• Air Pollution
• Coal burning releases radioactivity and toxic metals into the atmosphere.
• Coal combustion is responsible for 25% of all atmospheric mercury pollution in
the U.S..
• Coal contains up to 10% sulfur by weight.
• Unless removed by washing or flue-gas scrubbing, sulfur is released and oxidizes to
sulfur dioxide or sulfate.
 OIL

• Petroleum is formed very similar to oil - Organic material buried in sediment

and subjected to high pressure and temperature.
• Oil pool usually composed of individual droplets or thin film permeating spaces in
porous sandstone or limestone.
• At least half of total deposit is usually uneconomical to pump out.
• Secondary oil recovery techniques.
OIL RECOVERY PROCESS
 OIL

• Resources and Reserves

• Total amount of oil in the world is estimated at 4 trillion barrels. (Half is thought to
be ultimately recoverable)
• In 2003, proven reserves were estimated at 1 trillion barrels.
• As oil becomes depleted and prices rise, it will likely become more economical
to find and bring other deposits to market.
PROVEN OIL RESERVES
 OIL

• Imports and Domestic Supplies

• The U.S. has used about 40% of its original recoverable petroleum resource.
• Of the 120 billion barrels thought to remain, 58 billion are proven-in-place.
• Until 1947, the U.S. was the world’s leading oil export country.
• By 1998, the U.S. was importing 10 million barrels per day - Half of total
consumption.
 OIL

• Oil Shales and Tar Sands

• Estimates of total oil supply usually do not reflect large potential from unconventional
oil sources such as shale oil and tar sand.
• Could potentially double total reserve.
 NATURAL GAS

• World’s third largest commercial fuel.

• 23% of global energy consumption.
• Produces half as much CO2 as equivalent amount of coal.
• Most rapidly growing energy source.
• Difficult to ship long distances, and to store in large quantities.
 NATURAL GAS

• Resources and Reserves

• Proven world reserves of natural gas are 5,500 trillion ft3.
• Current reserves represent roughly 60 year supply at present usage rates.
• Proven reserves in North America are about 250 trillion ft3.
PROVEN NATURAL GAS RESERVES
 UNCONVENTIONAL GAS SOURCES

• Methane hydrate - Small individual molecules of natural gas trapped in a

crystalline matrix of frozen water.
• Thought to hold 10,000 gigatons of carbon, or twice as much as combined amount of
all traditional fossil fuels combined.
• Difficult to extract, store, and ship.
 NUCLEAR POWER

• President Dwight Eisenhower, 1953, “Atoms for Peace” speech.

• Nuclear-powered electrical generators would provide power “too cheap to meter.”
• Between 1970 and 1974, American utilities ordered 140 new reactors for power
plants.
 NUCLEAR POWER

• After 1975, only 13 orders were placed for new nuclear reactors, and all of
those were subsequently cancelled.
• In all, 100 of 140 reactors on order in 1975 were cancelled.
• Electricity from nuclear power plants was about half the price of coal in 1970, but
twice as much in 1990.
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT HISTORY
 HOW DO NUCLEAR REACTORS WORK ?

• Most commonly used fuel is U235, a naturally occurring radioactive isotope of

uranium.
• Occurs naturally at 0.7% of uranium, but must be enriched to about of 3%.
• Formed in cylindrical pellets (1.5 cm long) and stacked in hollow metal rods (4
m long).
• About 100 rods are bundled together to make a fuel assembly.
• Thousands of fuel assemblies bundled in reactor core.
 HOW DO NUCLEAR REACTORS WORK

• When struck by neutrons, radioactive uranium atoms undergo nuclear fission,

releasing energy and more neutrons.
• Triggers nuclear chain reaction.
NUCLEAR FISSION
 HOW DO NUCLEAR REACTORS WORK

• Reaction is moderated in a power plant by neutron-absorbing solution

(Moderator).
• In addition, Control Rods composed of neutron-absorbing material are inserted into
spaces between fuel assemblies to control reaction rate.
• Water or other coolant is circulated between the fuel rods to remove excess heat.
 KINDS OF REACTORS

• Seventy percent of nuclear power plants are pressurized water reactors.

• Water circulated through core to absorb heat from fuel rods.
• Pumped to steam generator where it heats a secondary loop.
• Steam from secondary loop drives high-speed turbine producing electricity.
 KINDS OF REACTORS

• Both reactor vessel and steam generator are housed in a special containment
building preventing radiation from escaping, and providing extra security in case
of accidents.
• Under normal operating conditions, a PWR releases very little radioactivity.
PWR
 KINDS OF REACTORS

• Simpler, but more dangerous design is a boiling water reactor.

• Water from core boils to make steam, directly driving turbine generators.
• Highly radioactive water and steam leave containment structure.
• Canadian deuterium reactors - Operate with natural, un-concentrated
uranium.
• Graphite moderator reactors - Operate with a solid moderator instead of a
liquid.
 ALTERNATIVE REACTOR DESIGNS

• High-Temperature, Gas-Cooled Reactors

• Uranium encased in tiny ceramic-coated pellets.
• Process-Inherent Ultimate Safety Reactors
• Reactor core submerged in large pool of boron-containing water within a massive
pressure vessel.
 BREEDER REACTORS

• Breeder reactors create fissionable plutonium and thorium isotopes from

stable forms of uranium.
• Uses plutonium reclaimed from spent fuel from conventional fission reactors as
starting material.
 BREEDER REACTOR DRAWBACKS

• Reactor core must be at very high density, thus liquid sodium used as a
coolant.
• Corrosive and difficult to handle.
• Core will self-destruct within a few seconds if primary coolant is lost.
• Produces weapons-grade plutonium.
 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Until 1970, the U.S., Britain, France, and Japan disposed of radioactive waste in
the ocean.
• Production of 1,000 tons of uranium fuel typically generates 100,000 tons of tailings
and 3.5 million liters of liquid waste.
• Now approximately 200 million tons of radioactive waste in piles around mines
and processing plants in the U.S..
 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

• About 100,000 tons of low-level waste (clothing) and about 15,000 tons of
high-level (spent-fuel) waste in the U.S..
• For past 20 years, spent fuel assemblies have been stored in deep water-filled pools at
the power plants. (Designed to be temporary)
• Many internal pools are now filled and a number plants are storing nuclear waste
in metal dry casks outside.
 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

• U.S. Department of Energy announced plans to build a high-level waste

repository near Yucca Mountain Nevada in 1987.
• Facility may cost between $10 and 35 billion, and will not open until at least 2010.
 DECOMMISSIONING OLD NUCLEAR
PLANTS

• Most plants are designed for a 30 year operating life.

• Only a few plants have thus far been decommissioned.
• General estimates are costs will be 2-10 times more than original construction
costs.
CHANGING FORTUNES OF NUCLEAR POWER

• Public opinion has fluctuated over the years.

• When Chernobyl exploded in 1985, less than one-third of Americans favored nuclear
power.
• Now, half of all Americans support nuclear-energy.
• Currently, 103 nuclear reactors produce about 20% of all electricity consumed
in the U.S..
 CHANGING FORTUNES

• With natural gas prices soaring, and electrical shortages looming, many sectors
are once again promoting nuclear reactors.
• Over the past 50 years, the U.S. government has provided $150 billion in nuclear
subsidies, but less than $5 billion to renewable energy research.
 NUCLEAR FUSION

• Nuclear Fusion - Energy released when two smaller atomic nuclei fuse into
one large nucleus. (Sun)
• Temperatures must be raised to 100,000,000o C and pressure must reach several
billion atmospheres.
• Magnetic Confinement
• Inertial Confinement
• Despite 50 years and $25 billion, fusion reactors have never produced more
energy than they consume.
 SUMMARY

• Energy History
• How Energy Is Used
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear Power
• Fission
• Reactors
• Waste Management
• Fusion