PRESENTATION ON

RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

“SOLAR ENERGY”

By - SWAPNIL PAUL
 INTRODUCTION

• IN TODAY’S WORLD USE OF NON-RENEWABLE AND

POLLUTING FOSSIL FUELS HAVE TO BE INVESTIGATED,
ONE SUCH IS SOLAR ENERGY.
• SOLAR ENERGY IS THE ENERGY PRODUCED DIRECTLY
BY SUN.
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SOLAR ENERGY [ACTIVE &
PASSIVE].
• SOLAR ENERGY HAS BECOME A VERY IMPORTANT PART
OF OUR LIFE SECURING OUR RESOURCES.
• METHOD OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM SOLAR
RADIATIONS ARE CALLED PHOTOVOLTAICS.
• THE PV CELLS ARE MOST COMMON FORM, MADE
ENTIRELY FROM SILICON.
 TYPES & USES
PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY
IT IS A METHOD IN WHICH SOLAR ENERGY IS HARNESSED DIRECTLY
WITHOUT USING AN MECHANICAL FORM. DRYING CLOTHES IN
DAYLIGHT IS AN EXAMPLE OF USING SOLAR ENRGY PASSIVELY.
DAYLIGHTING
• A COMMERCIAL BUILDING CAN REDUCE ITS ELECTRICITY BILL BY
USING DAYLIGHT.
• CREATES A PLEASANT ENVIORMENT AND REDUCE AIR-CONDITIONING
COSTS.
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• IT HAPPENS WHEN HEAT IS ABSORBED BY THE OBJECT.
• IT CAN OCCUR IN BUILDING IF WINDOWS ARE ORIENTED
CORRECTLY.
 TYPES & USES
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• FOR HEATING APPROXIMATEY 8% WINDOW TO FLOOR AREA IS
REQUIRED FOR SOUTH WALLS.
PASSIVE SOLAR COOLING
• IT COVERS ALL PROCESSES AND TECHNIQES OF HEAT DISSIPATION
WITHOUT THE USE OF ENERGY.
1. PREVENTION TECHNIQUES
AIMS FOR PREVENTION OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL HEAT GAINS.
2. MODULATION AND HEAT DISSIPATION TECHNIQUES
ALLOWS BUILDING TO STORE AND DISSIPATE HEAT GAIN THROUGH
TRANSFER OF HEAT FROM HEAT SINK TO THE CLIMATE.
 ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

THE ACTIVE SOLAR ENERGY EMPLOYS MECHANICAL OR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS

FOR FUNCTIONING AND INCREASES SYASTEM EFFICIENCY.
TYPES
1. SOLAR WATER HEATING
• FOR HOT WATER AT HOME
2. SOLAR POOL HEATING
• POOLS AND HOT TUBS
3. SOLAR SPACE HEATING
• USES SUN’S ENERGY TO REDUCE CONSUMPTION OF OIL, PROPANE,OR OTHER
FOSSIL FUELS.
 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

• CONSIST OF TWO DISSIMILAR SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS P AND N TYPE

SEMI-CONDUCTORS MADE OF MAINLY SILICON.
• N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS ARE GENERALLY MADE BY DOPING
PHOSPHORUS
• P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS ARE GENERALLY MADE BY DOPING BORON.
• WHEN LIGHT OF SUITABLE WAVELENGTH FALLS, THEY TRANSFER ENERGY
TO A HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL.
• THESE CRYSTALLINE SILICON PV CELLS ARE TYPICALLY ABOUT 150*150MM
AND PRODUCE A VOLTAGE OF AROUND 0.5 VOLTS AND GIVE A PEAK
POWER OF 4 WATTS.
• THESE CELLS COST 22 RUPPES PER WATT.
 CRYSTALLINE PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

• MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON PV MODULES ARE HIGHLY EFFICIENT BUT ARE

ALSO EXPENSIVE BEACAUSE OF CZOCHRALSKI PROCESS.
• HOWEVER NUMBER OF APPROACHES HAD BEEN BEEN DONE FOR REDUCING
THE COST OF THE PV CELLS.
1. POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON
IT CONSIST OF SMALL GRAINS OF MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON.
ITS EFFICIENCY CAN REACH OVER 15%.
COST UPTO 50 RUPEES PER WATT
2. POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON FILM
THEY ARE THICKER FILMS IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER THIN FILM PV CELLS.
THEY GIVE AN EFFICIENCY OF AROUND 8%.
COST UPTO 6 RUPPES PER WATT
 CRYSTALLINE PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

3. GALLIUM ARSENIDE
IT IS HIGHLY SUITABLE FOR PV APPLICATIONS BECAUSE OF
HIGH LIGHT ABSORPTION
COEFFICIENT.
THEY ARE MORE COSTLY THAN SILICON CELLS BECAUSE OF
ITS TECHNIQUES.
IT HAS A VERY HIGH EFFICIENCY AND TUS USED IN SPACE
APPLICATION AND SOLAR
RACING CARS.
COSTS UPTO 300 TO 400 RUPEES PER WATT.
 FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

AMORPHOUS SILICON
• EVERY SILICON ATOM IS NOT FULLY BONDED WITH ITS NEIGHBOURS
THUS CREATING A DANGLING BOND THAT CAN ABSORB ANY ADDITIONAL
ELECTRON BY DOPING.
• GIVE AN LABORATORY EFFICIENCY OF ABOUT 10%.
• THE EFFICIENCY IS DEGRADED BY 20% IN FEW MONTHS.
• COST UPTO 40RUPPES PER WATT.
COPPER INDIUM DISELENIDE
• HAVE AN LABORATORY EFFICIENCY OF ABOUT 19%.
• IT IS A THIN FILM DEVICE.
• COST UPTO 21 RUPEES PER WATT
COSTING
 FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

CADMIUM TELLURIDE
• NO DEGRADATION TAKES PLACE.
• GIVES AN EFFICIENCY OF ABOUT 12%.
• COSTS UPTO 36 RUPPES PER WATT
MULTI-JUNCTION PV CELLS
• IT IS A MULTI JUNCTION IN WHICH THERE ARE TWO OR MORE JUNCTIONS.
• IT GIVE A STABLE EFFICIENCY OF ABOUT 8% USING A-SI .
• THESE ARE EXPENSIVE AND ARE MOST EFFICIENT OF AROUND 28% AND IN
LABORATORY EXCEDING ABOUT 40%.
• USED IN SPACE APPLICATIONS AND DESIGN TO RESIST RADIATION AND HIGH
TEMPERATURES.
• COST UPTO 53 RUPEES PER WATT
 PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

• THESE ARE SAME AS PV CELLS.

• THEY USE LIQUIDS OR GELS INSTEAD OF
SOLIDS.
• GIVE AN EFFICIENCY OF ABOUT 10%.
• COST UPTO 31 RUPEES PER WATT.
 CELLS AND PAYBACK

ENERGY PAYBACK OF THE CELLS

• MONOCRYSTALLINE 1.8 YEARS
• POLYCRYSTALLINE 1.8 YEARS
• SILICON RIBBON 1.2 YEARS
• CADMIUM TELLURIDE 1.1 TO 0.8 YEARS

ALTHOUGH THESE PV CELLS AFFECTS THE

ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING BUT IN
TODAYS TECHNOLOGY THE PV CELLS ARE
DESIGNED IN ROOF TILE COLOR AND
SHAPE.
 PV SYSTEM FOR NON-DOMESTIC BUILDINGS

• THESE CAN BE INTEGRATED INTO WALLS AND ROOFS.

• COST OF CONVENTIONAL CLADDING MATERIALS CAN EXCEED THE COST OF CLADDING
WITH PV.
 ENERGY YIELD FROM PV SYSTEM

• THE ENERGY CONVERSION DEPENDS ON THE

EFFICIENCY OF THE PV MODULES.
• THE VARIOTION OF EFFICIENCY DEPENDS ON
THE TEMPERATURE AND CLIMATE OF THE AREA.
• THE EFFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM IS ALSO
AFFECTED BY THE DC MOTOR WHICH CAN
LOOSE ABOUT 10% OF THE FAULT OF IMPROPER
WIRING.
• FOR MAXIMUM ENERGY OUTPUT THE ARRAY
SHOULD BE ORIENTED CLOSE TO SOUTHAND
WITH AN ELEVATION OF ROUGHLY EQUAL TO
THE LATITUDE OF THE SOUTH.
 SATELLITE SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

• THE ADVANTAGES OF SSPS ARE VERY SUBSTANTIAL.

• THE PV ARRAYS WOULD RECEIVE A FULL 1365Wm^-2
• THE ENERGY WOULD BE AVAILABLE ON NEAR 24 HRS.
• IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO CONSTRUCT EXTREMLY LARGE
BUT VERY LIGHT
STRUCTURE TO SUPPORT
THE PV ARRAYS
WITHOUT HAVING TO
WORRY ABOUT THE
WIND AND WEATHER
EFFECTS.
 ENVIORMENTAL IMPACT AND SAFETY

• THESE EMITS NO GASEOUS AND LIQUID

POLLUTANTS OR RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS.
• THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF FIRE ARRAYS WHICH
CAN RESULTS IN RELEASE OF SMALL AMOUNT OF
TOXIC MATERIALS.
• THERE IS ALSO SOME RISK OF ELECTRICAL SHOCKS.
• PV ARRAYS CAN ALSO ACTS AS NOISE BARRIERS
WHEN PLACED ALONG MOTORWAYS AND RAILWAYS.
• PV IS HERE IS REDUCING THE OVERALL
ENVIORMENTAL IMPACT.
 NATURE AND AVAILABLITY OF SOLAR RADITION

• THERE ARE TWO TYPESNOF RADIATION :- DIRECT AND

DIFFUSE RADIATION
ON A CLEAR DAY THE DIRECT RADIATION CAN REACH
UPTO 1 kWm^-2
• NEAR THE EQUATOR OVER 2000kWhm^-2y^-1 AMOUNT
OF RADIATION RECEIVED, AND IN INDIA 200MWkm^-2
• ON AVERAGE IN JUNE IN INDIA THE SOLAR RADIATION
ON HORIZONTAL SURFACE IS BETWEEN 6-8KWhm^-2
per day.
• IN OTHER PARTS F INDIA THERE IS STILL 2-3 KWhm^-2
PER DAY.
 TILT AND ORIENTATION

• TO COLLECT MORE RADIATION, A SURFACE SHOULD FACE EAST.

• IT SHOULD BE TILTED WHICH IS DEPENDENT ON THE LATITUDE
AND AT WHAT TIME OF YEAR MOST SOLAR COLLECTION IS
REQUIRED.
 ANGLE AND POWER

• CIRCUIT CURRENT IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION.

• A TYPICAL SILICON PV CELLS PRODUCE A VOLTAGE OF AROUND 0.5 VOLTS .
• CRYSTALLINE PV MODULES PRODUCE A VOLTAGE OF AROUND 1.4 TO 1.7 SP METER IN
AREA.

LATITUDE SUMMER ANGLE WINTER ANGLE

25 2.3 41.1
30 6.9 45.5
35 11.6 49.8
40 16.2 54.2
45 20.9 58.6
50 25.5 63.0
 GLASS

• MANUFACTURERS STRIVE TO MAKE GLASS AS

TRANSPARENT AS POSSIBLE ,i.e. YHEY TRY MATERIAL THICKNESS TRANSMITT- INFRA RED
IN MM ANCE TRASMIT
TO MAXIMISE ITS TRANSMITTANCE.
FLOAT GLASS 3.9 0.83 0.02
HEAT LOSS
• RATE OF ENERGY FLOWS DEPENDS UPON- LOW IRON 3.2 0.90 0.02
1. TEMPERATURE DIFFRENCE. GLASS
2. TOTAL AREA AVAILABLE FOR THE FLOW. PERSPEX 3.1 0.82 0.02

3. INSUATION QUALITIES OF MATERIAL

POLYVINYL 0.1 0.92 0.22
FLUORIDE
POLYESTER 0.1 0.87 0.18
 GLASS

CONDUCTION
• FRAMES OF GLAZING MATERIAL CAN BE MADE OF METAL AND
THEY SHOULD INCLUDE THERMAL BREAK TO MINIMIZE THE HEAT
LOSS.
• INSULATORS REQUIRE LARGE TEMPERATURE DIFFRENCE TO
CONDUCT SAMLL AMOUNT OF HEAT.
CONVECTION
• CAN BE REDUCED BY RESTRICTING GAS MOVEMENT.
• IT DOES’NT FLOW IN VACCUME.
• ANOTHER WAY TO REDUCE CONVECTION IS BY ADDING EXTRA
PANES OF GLASS OR TRANSPARENT MATERIAL BETWEEN THE
OTHER TWO.
 GLASS

RADIATION
• HEAT RADIATION DEPENDS UPON THE QUALITY OF THE
SURFACE CALLED EMISSIVITY.
• LOW-E-COATING ARE NORMALLY USED TO REDUCE
RADIATION.
U-VALUE
• PERFORMANCE OF ANY MATERIAL OF BUILDING IS
SPECIFIED BY U-VALUE.
• HEAT FLOWPER SQ M = U-VALUE * TEMPERATURE
DIFFRENCE
• THE LOWER THE U-VALUE THE BETTER THE
PERFORMANCE.
 SOLAR WATER HEATER

1. PUMPED SOLAR WATER HEATER

• CONSIST OF THREE ELEMENTS.
• A COLLECTOR PANNEL OF 3-5 SQ M.
• A STORAGE TANK OF AROUND 200 LIT CAPACITY
• A PUMPED CIRCULATION SYSTEM TO TRANSFER
HEAT FROM PANNEL TO THE STORE.
• IN FREEZING TEMPERATURE THE CIRCULATING
WATER CONTAINS NON-TOXIC PROPYLENE
GLYCOL.
 SOLAR WATER HEATER

2. THERMOSYPHON SOLAR WATER

HEATER
• IN FROST FREE CLIMATES A SIMPLER
THERMOSYPHON ARRANGEMENT CAN BE USED.
• STORAGE TANK CONTAINS AN ELECTRICAL
IMMERSION HEATER FOR TOP-UP AND USED ON
CLOUDY DAYS.
• THEY ARE USUALLY SOLD AROUND 2M^2 OF
COLLECTOR AREA.
 DOMESTIC SPACE HEATING

• IT INVOLVES HEATING OF THE INTERIOR

SPACESOF BUILDING.
• EVEN IN WINTER SOUTH FACING VERTICAL
WALLS RECEIVE LESS AMOUNT OF RADIATION.
• ITS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE THE SUITABILITY
OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR SPACE HEATING WHICH
DEPENDS ON LOCAL CLIMATE.
 SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM

CONSERVATORY OR SUNSPACE
• CONSERVATORY OR GREEN HOUSE ON THE SOUTH SIDE CAN BE
MADE AS A KIND OF SOLAR COLLECTOR.
TROMBLE WALL
• THE CONSERVATORY IS REPLACED BY A THIN SPACE IN FRONT OF
STORAGE WALL.
DIRECT GAIN
• SIMPLEST AND MOST COMMON, THE SUN RAYS ARE DIRECTLY
ABSORBED INTO THE INTERIOR.
• IF THE BUILDING IS THERMALLY MASSIVE, THE GAINS ARE LIKELY TO
BE USEFULL.
 SOLAR COLLECTORS

1.UNGLAZED PANNELS
• MOST SUITABLE FOR SWIMMING POOLS, FOR WATER TEMPERATURE
RISE BY FEW DEGREES.
2. FLAT PLATE AIR COLLECTORS
• MAINLY USED FOR CROP DRYING.
3. GLAZED FLAT PLATE WATER COLLECTORS
• IT HAS A BLACK SURFACE THAT MEANS ABSORPTIVITY IS HIGH.
• THEY MAY HAVE 2ND GLAZING LAYER ,SOMETIMES OF PLASTIC.
• SOME PANNELS USE A SELECTIVE SURFACETHAT HAS BOTH
ABSORPTIVITY AND LOW EMMISSIVITY TO CUT HEAT LOSSES.
 SOLAR COLLECTORS

4. EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTORS

• THE ABSORBER PLATE USE A SPECIAL HEAT PIPE TO
CARRY THE COLLECTED ENERGY TO THE WATER.
• HEAT LOSSES ARE SUPPRESED BY THE VACCUMES IN
THE TUBES.
• A HEAT PIPE IS A DEVICE THAT TAKE ADVANTAGE OF
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BOILING FLUID TO CARRY
LARGE AMOUNT OF HEAT.
• THESE ARE MORE EXPENSIVE THEN THE FLAT PLATE
ONES, BUT THEY HAVE ALOW ENERGY LOSS,
ALLOWING A BETTER PERFORMANCE IN WINTER.
 HYBRID SYSTEMS

SOLAR +WIND HYBRID SYSTEM

• 24 HOUR POWER PRODUCTION.
• HIGHER POWER DENSITY.
• POWER GENERATION STARTING AT 2M/S
WIND SPEED.
• MCHANICAL BREAKING AT SPEED OF 18.5
M/S.
• SIMPLE INSTALATIONS, ENVIORMENT
FRIENDLY.
• EASY ASSEMBLE AND REQUIRES NO
MAINTAINENCE.
• ABLE TO WITHSTAND HEAT FRO -30 TO 50C
 HYBRID SYSTEMS

MOBILE MILL
• FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT.
• 10 HOURS OF BACK-UP.
• DESIGNED FOR EMERGENCY.
MICRO GRID [CONTAINARIZED]
• FLEXIBLE WITH WIND, PV, AND BATTERY INVERSION.
• CONTAINER ACTS A STABALIZER AND STORAGE.
• ALL IN ONE MICRO GRID READY SYSTEM.
 WALLASEY SCHOOL, CHESHIRE, U.K.

• THIS BUILDING IS A CLASSIC DIRECT GAIN

DESIGN.
• IT HAS A LARGE AREA OF SOUTH FACING
GLAZING TO CAPTURE THE SUNLIGHT.
• THERMALLY HEAVY WEIGHT
CONSTRUCTION.
• THICK INSULATION TO REATAI HEAT.
• IT IS ALOW ENERGY BUILDING.
 WATES HOUSE AT MACHYNLLETH

• IT WAS THE FIRST SUPERINSULATED BUILDINGS.

• IT HAS 450MM THICK WALL INSULATION AND
SMALL QUADRUPLE GLAZED WINDOW.
 PENNYLAND HOUSE, THURSO

• 200MM THICKNESS OF INSULATION ON THE

ROOF AND THE WALLS.
• TRIPLE GLAZED WINDOW WITH WELL
INSULATIONS.
• HAVE EFFICIENT HEATING SYSTEM.
• SOUTHWARD FACING, GLAZING FACED
SOUTH.
• AVOIDED OVERSHADING
• THERMALLY MASSIVE TO AVOID HEATING IN
SUMMER.
Thank-you