1

Learning Objectives
 State different possible types of lift and escalator
installations
 Identify the major components of the lift and
escalator installations
 Identify mandatory code compliance of fire lifts
 Identity the safety measures in use of lift
installations
 Calculate the speed of lift installation and
maintenance requirements of a typical high-rise
building. .. ..
2
 1. Lift system
 Types of lift systems
– Passenger lift, Fire lift
– Health facilities lift
– Cargo or freight lift
 Link to lift system:
http://www.gtselevator.com/en/halatliAsansor.asp .. ..

3
 1. Lift system
Codes on lift installation
 : Code of practice for installation,
operation and maintenance of electric
passenger and goods lifts, Singapore:
SPRING (previously known as )
 Code on Barrier-Free Accessibility in
buildings 2002
http://www.bca.gov.sg/BarrierFree/others/
BFA-Code.pdf (187 pages) .. ..
4
 2. Fire Lift
 Mandatory of Singapore Fire Safety Act,
Fire Code 2007.
 To facilitate internal fire emergency
operations. The provision of fire lift is
required for building, which comprises
– habitable height exceeding m or
– basement of depth greater than m
below the average ground level. .. ..

5
 2. Fire Lift
 Normal passenger lift. In the event of an
emergency, it is available for the fire-
fighters exclusively.
 “FIRE LIFT ” is provided in the
fireman lift.
– When the switch is activated, the fire-fighter
can manually operate the lift .. ..

6
 2. Fire Lift
 The fire lifts have a platform
area of not less than 1.45m2
and capable of carrying a load
of 545kg ( persons) = 68kg per
pax .

 The speed of the lift is such that

it can reach the top floor from
the designated level within
minute. .. ..
7
 2. Fire Lift
 Access to habitable floor above or below
the designated floor.
 and accessible to an exit
and be approached by a fire fighting lobby at
each storey.

8
3. Lift Installation
Lift Shaft
 Hoist ropes
(Steel)

 Car cage

 Guide rails
& brackets

 Counter
weights

9
 3. Lift Installation
Lift Shaft --
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines
-equipment/elevator3.htm
 Guide rails and brackets
 Car cage & counterweights
 Hoist ropes (Steel)
 Governor rope
– activate safety gears
 Spring or oil buffers
 Travelling cables
– Electrical and Control cables
 Inductor vanes or plates
– For lift level indicator
 Upper and lower limit switches
 Governor tension pulley at lift pit .. . 10
 3. Lift Installation
Lift landing
 Lift car door frames
 Landing doors
 Hall call buttons
 Hall lanterns or indicators .. ..

11
 3. Lift Installation
 Lift Machine Room
 Motor, brake, gear and traction
sheave
 Governor tension pulley at LMR
 Emergency Battery Operated
Power Supply ( )
 Automatic Rescue Device ( )
*most lift installations are equipped
with ARD, esp. for building that does
not have standby generator provision.
.. ..
12
Lift motor room- typical layout

Source: Building
Services Handbook,
Fred Hall & Roger
Greeno 13
 4. Types of Installation
 Traction
– A traction machine drives lift car and counter weight
via machine sheave and hoisting ropes.
– Geared installation uses set of mechanical gears to
vary lift speeds.
– Gearless installation uses set of electronic drive to
vary lift speeds.
 Hydraulic
– A plunger or piston moves lift via hydraulic system.
.. ..
14
 4. Types of Installation

Traction Geared Traction Gearless

 Machine room is needed  Motor capacity
at the top of shaft
than gear system
 motor capacity
than gearless system  speed lift
due to gear box >1.75m/s
 Up to 0.8m/s

15
4. Types of Installation
Hydraulic lift
 For low-rise building
 Move by piston and hydraulic
fluid
 Save on Lift machine room
 Slow speed .. ..

Hydraulic piston( one piece or telescopic)

16
 4. Types of Installation
o Traction Geared
o Traction Gearless
o Hydraulic

Traction Geared Traction Gearless Hydraulic

17
 4. Types of Installation
General Specifications
 Capacity
– Passenger/Service; how many persons?
– Goods; how many kg?, what is the car size?
– Why must state both no. of people & wt?
• Wt – thickness
• no of people – body clearance of ‘body
.. ’
 Speed (Round trip time)
– 0.5m/s, 1.0m/s, 1.5m/s, 2.0m/s, ……17m/s or
– 60m/min, 90m/min, 120m/min …150m/min
– Building height or travel distance
– Type and rate of occupancy.
18
 5. Safety Features
5.1 Over-speed
 A device that mechanically
regulates speed of a machine,
preventing it from going any
faster than a preset speed
 A steel rope passes round a
tension pulley in the pit & a
governor pulley in machine Governor rope

room.
 The rope is attached to lift Tension pulley
car’s safety gear Attachment to safety
gear

 force causes
governor to stop sheave &
rope when car exceeds pre-
set speed .. ..
Source:
19
https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=escalator&hl=en&prmd=im
vns&source=lnms&tbm=isch&ei=GniCT7TxMMPsrAfe18CFBg&s
a=X&oi=mode_link&ct
 How it works…
http://science.howstuffworks.com/elevator5.htm

20
5. Safety Features
 The tightening governor
rope actuates the safety
braking gear
 The safety gear are
hardened steel wedges Safety gear
are attached to the car
and slow down and stop
the car by frictional force
with the guide rails .. …

21
Overspeed Governor
 5. Safety Features
Overspeed
Governor pully

Safety gear

Steel rope Overspeed

governor
tension pulley
22
 5. Safety Features
5.2 Secondary power supply from
– A separate rechargeable source, Emergency
Battery Operated Power Supply (EBOPS)
– Standby generator
Sufficient capacity to operate for hours
• at least one of the existing car
• electric for ventilation
• alarm ..

23
 5. Safety Features
5.3 Homing of lift to floor
 For building with provision of fire alarm system
and standby plant.
– When detection devices or fire alarm systems is
activated
– In the event of power

 All lifts are brought to designated floor (usually 1st

storey) and remain sedate
 For power failure, 1 or more lift may resume
(depend on gen capacity). .. .. 24
 5. Safety Features
5.4 Homing of lift to closest floor at low speed
 For building standby generating plant.
– In the event of power failure
– Automatic Rescue Device (ARD) is required for all lifts
in the development.
• ARD is a device which supply back up power to the elevator’s
control panel during power failure. This will allow the lift car to
be brought to the closest floor
 All lifts are brought to the floor (direction
depending on the incident lift weight) and remain
sedate
 If car wt is less than counter wt – up or down? . ..25
..
 Safety Features

Automatic Rescue Device

26
6. Regulations and Maintenance
 Certificate of Lift Maintenance and Testing
lodged with the Commissioner is valid for
a period of 12 months.

 Submission is processed on line after

professional certification and no hard copy
is required in the lift car any more .. ..

27
 6. Regulations and Maintenance
The periodic examination, inspection and load testing of
every lift includes:
a) carried out by a lift contractor, in accordance with –
i. provisions stated in SS CP 2:2000 or SS550; or
ii. in the case of a home lift or lift designed to carry a
person with physical disability. .. ..

b) by the approved person to have been carried out in

his presence.
i. accordance with the requirements specified in
SS CP 2:2000 or SS550 or
ii. the manufacturer’s recommendations.. .. .. 28
7. Maintenance Service Provider
Elevator maintenance can be provided by
manufacturers, Independents, or on a self-
maintained basis.
 OEM Manufacturer Elevator Maintenance
 Manufacturer Elevator Maintenance
 Independent Elevator Maintenance
 Self Maintained .. ..

29
7. Maintenance Service Provider
 OEM Manufacturer Elevator Maintenance
 OEM = original equipment manufacturer
– new elevators run on computer-
based software that requires specialized tools
that only the manufacturer can provide.
Likewise for the spares replacement
– If building has proprietary equipment, there will
have limited maintenance service options and
generally paying a for elevator
maintenance.. .. ..
30
 7. Maintenance Service Provider
 Manufacturer Elevator Maintenance
– The service contract is offered by other elevator
companies, e.g. competitors to maintain & service
elevator equipment they are the manufacturer.
– This may save money or obtain better service in a
specific geographic areas where this service
provider has of scale and presence
– Most manufacturers also offer a variety of
discounts for contracts covering multiple
buildings with the same owner or property
manager.. .. .. 31
 7. Maintenance Service Provider
 Independent Elevator Maintenance
– Independent elevator maintenance companies
are normally sprung off from the employees
who have worked for the OEM or the original
sub-contractor of the OEM
– Independents often charge less for their
maintenance programs than manufacturers.
– Investigate the company's level of technical
. and ability to provide parts to
avoid longer downtimes.. .. ..
32
7. Maintenance Service Provider
 Self Maintained
– Many large facilities provide
maintenance for elevator equipment to reduce
overall maintenance costs.
– Consideration should be based on economics
and the availability of skilled labor. Other
factors include the ability to obtain spare
parts and manage major components repairs.
– Not well adopted in Singapore due to
operational risks .. ..
33
 8. Maintenance Agreement
In the market, building owner decides on the types
of contract to support lift maintenance in the
facility. The considerations are:
 Life span and conditions of the equipment
 Available budget for lift maintenance
 Risk assessment in term of possible breakdowns of the
major parts and moving parts
 KPI, be it between the building owner and the tenants or
the building owner and the service provider
Types of maintenance contracts:
– Fully comprehensive maintenance contract
– Non comprehensive maintenance contract .. ..
34
 8. Maintenance Agreement
 Comprehensive Maintenance Contract
– service provider is responsible for
• all service calls( regardless of the frequency, timing of
the call) to attend to the breakdown maintenance,
• all parts replacement, repair, its labour cost and
consumables like oil etc
• all weekly, monthly, quarterly and yearly preventive
maintenance of the lifts
– This option allows the building owner to budget
the maintenance costs more accurately.
– draw back is maintenance cost & may not
be necessary to pay the premium & insurance
35
especially equipment is still new .. ..
 8. Maintenance Agreement
 Comprehensive maintenance contract
– Depending on the contractual scope and agreement, it
allows for :
• service calls during breakdown but restricted to working
hours only, sometime it also restricts the calls per month
• preventive maintenance and scheduled servicing
– It also spells out the list of parts/equipment
repair/replacement not covered under the contract,
e.g. lift floor buttons, dented lift door and frame, lift
motors, moving parts etc
– Scope of services must be out clearly to avoid
ambiguity and argument during execution .. ..
36
 9. Escalator Installation
 Moving stairway that
constantly transfers people
from one floor to another
via motor drive.
 Bi-directional escalator
control via key switch.
 Pressure sensors are used
for energy saving strategy.
. ..
37
Pop quiz
What is the inclination angle of the escalator?
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 Upper
floor level

Steps
Lower
floor level Rise Beam
q

Beam Pit
10, 20, 30, 40,
q = 30°
50, or
6035° 38
 9. Escalator Installation
Escalator components includes,
 Landing platforms
– These 2 platforms house the curved sections of
the tracks, as well as the gears and motors that
drive the stairs.
– The top platform contains the motor assembly
and the main drive gear.
 Truss
– The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges
the lower and upper landings. .. ..
39
40
 9. Escalator Installation
 Tracks
– The track system is built into the truss to guide step
chain, which continuously pulls the steps from
bottom platform & back to top in an endless loop.
 Steps
– steps themselves are solid, one piece, die-cast
aluminum or steel. Yellow demarcation lines may be
added to clearly indicate their edges.
 Handrail
– handrail provides a convenient handhold for
passengers while they are riding the escalator. .. ..

41
 9. Escalator Installation
 Code of Practice CP15:
2004 stipulates that angle of
inclination of escalator
should not be more than 30°
 However, for a vertical rise
not exceeding & a rated
speed not exceeding
. m/s, angle of inclination
is permitted to be increased
to a maximum of °.. ..
42
10. Escalator Safety Feature

43
Terminology of different parts of escalator

Source:
44
https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=e
scalator&hl=en&prmd=imvns&source=l
nms&tbm=isch&ei
 10. Escalator Safety Feature
To enhance passenger safety, escalators are equipped with
one or more of the following safety implementations:
 Antislide devices
– Raised objects along escalator balustrade. Their purpose
is to prevent objects (& people) from sliding down.
 Combplate impact switches
– Stop escalator if a foreign object gets caught between
steps and comb-plate on either end.
 Deflector brush
– A long continuous brush made of stiff bristles running up
the sides of the escalator just above the step level.
– This helps deflect garments, shoes, and other items
away from the gap between moving steps and skirt board 45
.. ..
 10. Escalator Safety Feature
 Emergency stop button
– A large red button can be pressed to stop the
device in the event of an emergency.
 Extended balustrades
– Allows riders to grasp the handrail before
setting foot on an escalator.
 Flat steps
– Like a moving walkway, the first two or three
steps at either end of the escalator are flat. ..
.. 46
 10. Escalator Safety Feature
 Handrail inlet switches and speed sensors
– Inlet switches shut down the escalator if something gets
caught along the handrail.
– Speed sensors monitor the speed difference between the
handrail and the steps, it automatically stops the escalator.
 Safety instructions
– A sign, typically posted on both escalator newels at the
entrance landing platform.
 Step demarcation lines
– In order to clearly delineate the edges of each individual
step. .. ..
47
 Safety

~ End of Topic 7 ~ 48