Module 4

Inferences
 (1) Scholars are limited in charting the details of early
human social evolution because of the loss of evidence
from natural causes. (2) But owing to the fortunate
"airtight" atmospheric conditions in numerous caves of
France and Spain, we know that between 33,000 and
12,000 years ago, humans produced some of the most
stunning paintings in the entire history of human art. (3)
In more than two hundred caves so far discovered (some
as recently as 1991 and 1994), the earliest known artists
painted breathtaking murals of prancing animals—bison,
bulls, horses, stags, and even rhinoceroses. (4) The
emphasis in this cave art was on movement. (5) Almost all
of the murals depict game species running, leaping,
chewing their cud, or facing the hunter at bay. (6) An
ingenious device for giving the impression of motion was
the drawing of additional outlines to indicate the areas in
which the leg or the head of the animal had moved. (7)
The cave painters sometimes achieved startling three-
dimensional effects by using the natural bumps and
indentations of the cave surfaces. (8) All in all, visitors
today who are lucky enough to see the cave murals
usually find them as stimulating as any paintings hanging
in the world's foremost art museums.

3 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 (1) Scholars are limited in charting the details of early
human social evolution because of the loss of evidence
from natural causes. (2) But owing to the fortunate
"airtight" atmospheric conditions in numerous caves of
France and Spain, we know that between 33,000 and
12,000 years ago, humans produced some of the most
stunning paintings in the entire history of human art. (3)
In more than two hundred caves so far discovered (some
as recently as 1991 and 1994), the earliest known artists
painted breathtaking murals of prancing animals—bison,
bulls, horses, stags, and even rhinoceroses. (4) The
emphasis in this cave art was on movement. (5) Almost all
of the murals depict game species running, leaping,
chewing their cud, or facing the hunter at bay. (6) An
ingenious device for giving the impression of motion was
the drawing of additional outlines to indicate the areas in
which the leg or the head of the animal had moved. (7)
The cave painters sometimes achieved startling three-
dimensional effects by using the natural bumps and
indentations of the cave surfaces. (8) All in all, visitors
today who are lucky enough to see the cave murals
usually find them as stimulating as any paintings hanging
in the world's foremost art museums.

4 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 (1) Scholars are limited in charting the details of early
human social evolution because of the loss of evidence
from natural causes. (2) But owing to the fortunate
"airtight" atmospheric conditions in numerous caves of
France and Spain, we know that between 33,000 and
12,000 years ago, humans produced some of the most
stunning paintings in the entire history of human art. (3)
In more than two hundred caves so far discovered (some
as recently as 1991 and 1994), the earliest known artists
painted breathtaking murals of prancing animals—bison,
bulls, horses, stags, and even rhinoceroses. (4) The
emphasis in this cave art was on movement. (5) Almost all
of the murals depict game species running, leaping,
chewing their cud, or facing the hunter at bay. (6) An
ingenious device for giving the impression of motion was
the drawing of additional outlines to indicate the areas in
which the leg or the head of the animal had moved. (7)
The cave painters sometimes achieved startling three-
dimensional effects by using the natural bumps and
indentations of the cave surfaces. (8) All in all, visitors
today who are lucky enough to see the cave murals
usually find them as stimulating as any paintings hanging
in the world's foremost art museums.

5 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 (1) Humans are characterized by both biologically and
socially determined wants. (2) We seek food, clothing,
shelter, and the many goods and services associated with
a comfortable or affluent standard of living. (3) We are
also blessed with aptitudes and surrounded by quantities
of property resources—both natural and manufactured.
(4) We use available human and property resources—
labor and managerial talents, tools and machinery, land
and mineral deposits—to produce goods and services
which satisfy material wants. (5) This is done through the
organizational mechanism we call the economic system.

(6) Quantitative considerations, however, rule out an

ideal solution. (7) The blunt fact is that the total of all our
material wants is beyond the productive capacity of
available resources. (8) Thus, absolute material
abundance is not possible. (9) This unyielding fact is the
basis for our definition of economics: economics is
concerned with the efficient use or management of
limited productive resources to achieve maximum
satisfaction of human material wants. (10) Though it may
not be self-evident, all the headline-grabbing issues of the
day—inflation, unemployment, health care problems,
government and international trade deficits, free-trade
agreements among nations, poverty and inequality,
pollution, and government regulation of business—are
rooted in the one issue of using limited resources
efficiently.

6 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 (1) Humans are characterized by both biologically and
socially determined wants. (2) We seek food, clothing,
shelter, and the many goods and services associated with
a comfortable or affluent standard of living. (3) We are
also blessed with aptitudes and surrounded by quantities
of property resources—both natural and manufactured.
(4) We use available human and property resources—
labor and managerial talents, tools and machinery, land
and mineral deposits—to produce goods and services
which satisfy material wants. (5) This is done through the
organizational mechanism we call the economic system.

(6) Quantitative considerations, however, rule out an

ideal solution. (7) The blunt fact is that the total of all our
material wants is beyond the productive capacity of
available resources. (8) Thus, absolute material
abundance is not possible. (9) This unyielding fact is the
basis for our definition of economics: economics is
concerned with the efficient use or management of
limited productive resources to achieve maximum
satisfaction of human material wants. (10) Though it may
not be self-evident, all the headline-grabbing issues of the
day—inflation, unemployment, health care problems,
government and international trade deficits, free-trade
agreements among nations, poverty and inequality,
pollution, and government regulation of business—are
rooted in the one issue of using limited resources
efficiently.

7 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 (1) The term “hidden curriculum” refers to the unwritten
rules of behavior and attitudes that schools teach in
addition to formal curriculum. (2) Examples are obedience
to authority and conformity to mainstream norms. (3)
Sociologists have noted that the hidden curriculum helps
to perpetuate social inequality. (4) To understand this
central point, consider the way English is taught. (5)
Middle-class schools—whose teachers know where their
students are headed—stress “proper” English and “good”
manners. (6) In contrast, the teachers in inner-city
schools—who also know where their students are
headed—allow ethnic and street language in the
classroom. (7) Each is helping to reproduce the social class
structure. (8) That is, each is preparing students to work in
positions similar to those of their parents. (9) The social
class of some children destines them for higher positions.
(10) For these, they need “refined” speech and manners.
(11) The social destiny of others is closely supervised, low-
status jobs. (12) For these, they only need to obey rules.
(13) Teaching these students “refined” speech and
manners would be a needless effort.

8 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 (1) The term “hidden curriculum” refers to the unwritten
rules of behavior and attitudes that schools teach in
addition to formal curriculum. (2) Examples are obedience
to authority and conformity to mainstream norms. (3)
Sociologists have noted that the hidden curriculum helps
to perpetuate social inequality. (4) To understand this
central point, consider the way English is taught. (5)
Middle-class schools—whose teachers know where their
students are headed—stress “proper” English and “good”
manners. (6) In contrast, the teachers in inner-city
schools—who also know where their students are
headed—allow ethnic and street language in the
classroom. (7) Each is helping to reproduce the social class
structure. (8) That is, each is preparing students to work in
positions similar to those of their parents. (9) The social
class of some children destines them for higher positions.
(10) For these, they need “refined” speech and manners.
(11) The social destiny of others is closely supervised, low-
status jobs. (12) For these, they only need to obey rules.
(13) Teaching these students “refined” speech and
manners would be a needless effort.

9 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 (1) The term “hidden curriculum” refers to the unwritten
rules of behavior and attitudes that schools teach in
addition to formal curriculum. (2) Examples are obedience
to authority and conformity to mainstream norms. (3)
Sociologists have noted that the hidden curriculum helps
to perpetuate social inequality. (4) To understand this
central point, consider the way English is taught. (5)
Middle-class schools—whose teachers know where their
students are headed—stress “proper” English and “good”
manners. (6) In contrast, the teachers in inner-city
schools—who also know where their students are
headed—allow ethnic and street language in the
classroom. (7) Each is helping to reproduce the social class
structure. (8) That is, each is preparing students to work in
positions similar to those of their parents. (9) The social
class of some children destines them for higher positions.
(10) For these, they need “refined” speech and manners.
(11) The social destiny of others is closely supervised, low-
status jobs. (12) For these, they only need to obey rules.
(13) Teaching these students “refined” speech and
manners would be a needless effort.

10 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 (1) Over the last 50 years, the number of married
women in the paid labor force has increased
dramatically: 71% of married women with school-aged
children and 60% of women with children under 6
now have jobs outside the home. (2) The two-
paycheck family is not always a matter of choice. (3)
The increasing role of women as economic providers is
a world-wide trend. (4) Balancing the demands of
career and family is a problem in many families,
especially for women. (5) Even when the wife has a
full-time job outside of the home, she is likely to end
up doing far more than half of the housework and
childcare. (6) She is also likely to be aware of this
imbalance and resent it. (7) The “double shift”—one
at paid work outside the home and another at unpaid
household labor—is the common experience of
millions of women throughout the world. (8) True
equality—the hopeful goal of the dual-career
movement—has yet to be achieved.

11 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 (1) Over the last 50 years, the number of married
women in the paid labor force has increased
dramatically: 71% of married women with school-aged
children and 60% of women with children under 6
now have jobs outside the home. (2) The two-
paycheck family is not always a matter of choice. (3)
The increasing role of women as economic providers is
a world-wide trend. (4) Balancing the demands of
career and family is a problem in many families,
especially for women. (5) Even when the wife has a
full-time job outside of the home, she is likely to end
up doing far more than half of the housework and
childcare. (6) She is also likely to be aware of this
imbalance and resent it. (7) The “double shift”—one
at paid work outside the home and another at unpaid
household labor—is the common experience of
millions of women throughout the world. (8) True
equality—the hopeful goal of the dual-career
movement—has yet to be achieved.

12 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 Authors

Patricia Lorena Bustos González

Ana Milena Rincón Vásquez
John Edward Sánchez Díaz

13 Facultad de Ciencias Sociales | Departamento de Lenguas y Cultura

 Thank you for watching!

Now do the questionnaires related to Inferences and Text Analysis

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