Professional Documents
Culture Documents
เสถียรภาพของแรงดันไฟฟ้ า
( Definition and Concept )
by
Mr.Ong-art sadmai
Mr.Danai Thongthawat
Introduction to
The power system stability problem
The main factor causing instability is inability of the power system to meet the demand
for Reactive power.
The heart of the problem is usually the voltage drop that occurs when Active power and
Reactive power flow through inductive reactance associated with the transmission
network.
A criterion for voltage stability is that, At a given operating condition for every bus in
the system, The bus voltage magnitude increases as the reactive power injection at the
same bus increaseed.
Voltage stability and voltage collapse
Constant voltage
E
I …… (1)
Z LD Z LN
Es
I
( Z LN cos Z LD cos ) ( Z LD sin Z LN sin )
2 2
…… (2)
Figure 2 Receiving voltage current and power as a function of load demand
For The system in figure1
From figure2
Power transmitted is maximum when the voltage drop in the line is
equal in magnitude to Vr, that is when
( Z LN / Z LD ) 1
As ZLD is decreased gradually, I increase and Vr decrease, Initially,
at high value of ZLD the increase in I dominates over the decrease in
Vr and hence Pr increase rapidly with decrease in Z LD
From the view point of Voltage stability
The relationship between PR and VR is of interest. This shown in figure3 for the system
under consideration when the load power factor is equal to 0.95 lag
1 Z LD
VR Z LD I ES …… (3)
F Z LN
2
Z LD ES …… (4)
PR VR I cos cos
F Z LN
Figure3 Vr-Pr characteristics of the system of figure1 with difference load-power
factor
For purposes analysis It is useful to classify voltage stability in the following
subclasses
Voltage stability
Large disturbance voltage stability
Small disturbance voltage stability is concerned with the system’ ability to control
voltages following small perturbations such as incremental changes in system load.
Characteristic of load
Continuation controls
Discrete control at a given constant of time.
The basic processes contributing to small-disturbance voltage instability are essentially of a
steady state nature. Therefore, Static analysis can be effectively use to determine stability
margins.
A distinction between angle stability and voltage stability is
important for understanding of underlying causes of the problems
in order to develope appropriate design and operating procedure.
A more detailed of discussion of voltage stability, including
analytical techniques and method to preventing voltage collapse is
present continuation.
Voltage stability Analysis
The analysis of voltage stability for given system state
involves the examination of two aspect
Proximity to voltage instability
Mechanism of voltage stability : How and why does instability
occur? What are the voltage weak area? What measures are
most effective in improving voltage stability ?
(1) Dynamic Analysis
( Voltage stability analysis )
The general structure of the system model for voltage stability analysis is similar to
that for transient stability analysis. The overall system equations, Comprising a set of
first order difference equations.
.
x f ( x, V )
a Set of algebraic equations
When x is state vector of the system
I x,V YNV
V is bus voltage , I is current injection vector , YN is network node admittance matrix
(1) Dynamic Analysis
( Voltage stability analysis )
It can be solved in time domain by using any of the numerical integration methods
such as
Euler methods
Modified Euler methods
Runge-Kutta methods
Implicit Integration methods [reference Phaba kundu ‘Power system ’]
Network power flow analysis
Newton Raphson-methods and Gouss-seidel methods etc.
(1) Static Analysis
( Voltage stability analysis )
Q J R V …… (6)
1
V J R Q
…… (7)
(1) Static Analysis
( Voltage stability analysis )
Example 1 for 500kV 322 km. line system consider write the equations of
the power flow from the sending end to the receiving end in the following
form
P f ( ,V )
Q g ( ,V )
(1) Static Analysis
( Voltage stability analysis )
With a shunt capacitor connected at the receiving end of the line, The self admittance is
Y22=2.142-j(22.897-BC)
(i) With P=5000MW and a 450 MVar shunt Capacitor
V2 0.981 39.10
Since Bc=4.5 pu.
Y22=2.142-j(22.897-BC)=2.142-j18.397
(1) Static Analysis V-Q sensitive analysis ( Voltage stability analysis )
With this new value of Y22, The reduce Q-V Jacobian matrix ,Calculated by Using
equation is
JR = 5.348 indicating that is Voltage stable
(ii) With P= 1900 MW and 900MVAr shunt Capacitor
2 0.995
SinceVBc=9.5 pu. 52.97 0
Where F ( , V , ) 0
Is load parameter Is the vector of bus voltage angle
1
d d 0 Jk Jk K 0
dV dV Jk Jk K
0 0
d d 0 e ek ek 1
k
The continuation power flow analysis
(Voltage stability analysis)
Predictor value
d 0
dV 0
d 1
Corrector step
F ( , V , ) 0
X k X kpredicted 0