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Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
- A data base is designed , built and populated with data for a specific purpose .It
has an intended group of users and some preconceived applications in which
these users are interested.
- A DBMS is a collection of programs that allows users to create and
maintain database.
A DBMS is a general purpose software system that facilitates the
following process.
- file processing Systems can access only specific database , DBMS software can
access diverse database
2.Insulation between Programs and Data, and Data
Abstraction
- Some data base systems (Object oriented and Object –relational system
) have a Property called Program – operation independence in which a
user program can operate on data regardless of how these operations
are implemented.
-
A characteristics that allows these two properties is called data
abstraction.
Data model A data model is used to hide storage details and
present the users with a conceptual view of the database.
Programs refer to the data model constructs rather than data
storage details
-Conceptual representation does not include details about how
data is stored or how operations are implemented.
* Support of multiple views of data.
- A multi-user DBMS must provide facilities for defining multiple views for a
variety of distinct applications.
- Problems of redundancy
1. Duplicates efforts
2. Wastage of storage space.
3. Inconsistency.
- User and user groups are given account numbers provided with
password.
Economies of scale:
Wasteful overlap between activities of data processing personnel in
different projects in different departments can be avoided by consolidating
data and applications across departments.
Early Database Applications Using Hierarchical and Network
Systems:
The Hierarchical and Network Models were introduced in mid 1960s and
continuing through the 1970s and 1980s.
Relational Model based Systems
• Relational databases were originally proposed to separate physical storage
of data from its conceptual representation and provide mathematical
foundation for content storage
• Relational data model introduced high level query language that provided
alternate to programming language interfaces(lot quicker)
*Web contains data in HTML (Hypertext markup language) with links among pages.
This has given rise to a new set of applications and E-commerce is using new
standards like XML (eXtended Markup Language).
• Data Mining applications: Analysis of large amounts of data searching for the
occurrences of specific patterns or relationships