BMM2533 Mr.

Mohd Fadzil Abdul Rahim

Dr. Ahmed Nourye Oumer
 OBJECTIVE

• To explain type of flow measuring equipments

• To Calculate fluid flow through pitot tube
• To Calculate fluid flow through orifice meter, venturi
meter and nozzle meter.
 FLOWMETER TYPE
• Other
• Pitot-static  Positive displacement
 Turbine
probe
 Variable-Area
 Ultrasonic
• Obstruction
 Electromagnetic
flowmeter
 Vortex
 orifice meter
 Thermal hotwire
 venturi meter
 Laser Doppler Velocimetry
 nozzle meter
 Particle Image velocimetry
4.1 Pitot-static probe
1 2
• To measure local velocity
of fluid flow
• Double tube connected to
pressure gauge
• For incompressible flow
0
and frictionless
V12 V22
P1   gz1  P2   gz2
2 2
2P1  P2 
V

4.2 Obstruction flowmeter
- Orifice • Cheap, small, easy to install,
highest KL
• Low discharge coefficient (Cd),
recirculating flow appears at
both side, high pressure drop.
• Sudden contraction and sudden expansion
from experiment,
Cd = 0.5959 + 0.0312β2.1 - 0.184β8 + 91.71 β2.5/Re0.75

discharge coefficient (Cd), introduced to consider losses due to

friction-(the actual velocity is less than the theoretical value)
4.2 Obstruction flowmeter
- Nozzle • Average price, much bigger, easy
to install, medium KL
• Medium discharge coefficient
(Cd), recirculating flow appears
after nozzle outlet, medium
pressure drop.
• Gradual contraction and sudden
expansion
(from experiment, Cd = 0.9975 – 6.53 β0.5/Re0. 5)
Cd, for nozzle and orifice valid for 0.25 < β < 0.75, 104 < Re < 107
4.2 Obstruction flowmeter
- Venturi • Expensive, big, require quite
a space to install, lowest KL
• High discharge coefficient
(Cd), no recirulating flow,
lowest pressure drop.
• Gradual contraction and
Cd = 0.95 – 0.99 expansion eliminate swirl

If no data from manufacturer simply use Cd = 0.98

 4.2 Obstruction flowmeter
• Show that for volume
- The formula
A flowrate inside obstruction
o
fluid d
D 1 2 flowmeter,
x
 2 g (  M   B )h
  Cd AO
A
h
B
manometer B 1  4  

2
d
2
A
  AV  A V  V  V  d /4 Continuity
 2
V    V2
D 2 / 4
1 1 2 2 1 2 2
A1  D
V12 V22  BV22 (1  (d / D) 4 ) 2( P1  P2 )
P1   gz1  P2   gz2 P1  P2  V2 
2 2 2  B (1   4 )
PA  PB Bernoulli
 C A V C A 2( P1  P2 )

P1  B gx  B gh  P2  B gx  M gh d O O d O
 B (1   4 )
P1   B gh  P2  M gh Manometer 2(  M   B ) gh
 Cd AO
P1  P2  M  B gh 
B 1  4 
EXAMPLE 4.1
• A venturi meter is measuring water flow inside
6 cm diameter piping system and has venturi
opening of 2.5 cm with discharge coefficient
of 0.98. If a mercury manometer connected to
the venturi shows 5.3 cm of height, determine
the flowrate of water flow.
  C A V  C A 2(  M   B ) gh
 d O O d O
B 1  4  
2(13600  1000)(9.81)(0.053)
 0.98( (0.025) 2 / 4)   3 3

10001  (2.5 / 6) 
4
1. 77 10 m /s
EXAMPLE 4.2 (page 385)
• The flow rate of methanol at 20°C (ρ =788.4 kg/m3 and µ = 5.857 ×
10-4 kg/m · s) through a 4-cm-diameter pipe is to be measured with
a 3-cm-diameter orifice meter equipped with a mercury
manometer across the orifice place. If the differential height of the
manometer is read to be 11 cm, determine the flow rate of
methanol through the pipe and the average flow velocity. Use first
guess value for discharge coefficient, Cd = 0.61. and do iteration
until flowrate achieve convergence.
(from experiment, Cd = 0.5959 + 0.0312β2.1 - 0.184β8 + 91.71β2.5/Re0.75)
At first, use guess value for Cd (any value range from 0.1-1) because
can’t use experiment formula as it requires Reynolds Number, Re
and Re require velocity of flow which is not available.
 2(  M   B ) gh
  Cd AOVO  Cd AO

B 1  4 
2(13600  788.4)(9.81)(0.11)
 0.61( (0.03) 2 / 4)   3 3

788.41  (3 / 4) 
4
3.09 10 m /s
EXAMPLE 4.2 (cont’)
Then, check Cd value using experiment formula. (How?-calculate Re
using volume flowrate and apply to the experiment formula)
Re = VD    4 D 2 D   4  D
= 4(3.09×10-3)(788.4)/(π×5.857×10-4×0.04) = 1.32×105
Cd,new = 0.5959 + 0.0312β2.1 - 0.184β8 + 91.71 β2.5/Re0.75 = 0.601

If the guess value is approximate to the new value from the experiment
formula, caculate new flowrate and stop iteration.
Cd,guess (0.61) ≈ Cd,new(0.601)

 2(  M   B ) gh
  Cd AOVO  Cd AO Final answer,

B 1  4  further iteration will yields almost similar result

2(13600  788.4)(9.81)(0.11)
 0.601( (0.03) 2 / 4)   3 3

788.41  (3 / 4) 
4
3.04 10 m /s
4.3 – Others type
of flowmeter
• Self learning (read from the referrence book)-
might be asked in quiz, test, final exams, etc..
 THE END
(Chapter 4)