WEEK 6

FLUID STATIC AND FLUID MECHANICS

FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS

Prof. Andri Cahyo Kumoro, ST, MT, PhD

Department of Chemical Engineering-Universitas Diponegoro
 Fluids
A fluid is a substance that flows under the action of shearing forces.
What are happened with the forces on a fluid are in balance? The fluid
is in rest or static condition.
FLUIDS

GASES LIQUIDS
 Fills any container/vessel in  A given mass of liquid will
which it is contained. occupy a fixed volume,
 It is easily compressed irrespective of the size of the
container.
 It is hard to compress
A free surface is formed as a boundary between a liquid and a gas above it.
 Density
The density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit volume. It is
denoted by the Greek symbol, .

kg
m  water= 998 kgm-3
=
kgm-3 V m3 air =1.2kgm-3

If the density is constant (most liquids), the flow is incompressible.

If the density varies significantly (eg some gas flows), the flow is
compressible.

(Although gases are easy to compress, the flow may be treated as

incompressible if there are no large pressure fluctuations)
 Pressure
Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is perpendicular to
the area.

N
F pa= 105 Nm-2
Nm-2 p=
A m2 1psi =6895Pa
(Pa)

This is the Absolute pressure, the pressure compared to a vacuum.

The pressure measured in your tyres is the gauge pressure, pg = p-pa.
Pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions
Pressure in a static liquid increases linearly with depth

p= g  h increase in
pressure
increase depth (m)

The pressure at a given depth in a continuous, static body of liquid is

constant.

p3 p1 = p2 = p3
p1 p2
STATIC AND DYNAMICS OF FLUID

No Flow Fluid is
flowing
 FLOW
• Continuous deformation
• Change of velocity of particles with respect to location
• If all particles move with the same velocity, there is no flow
(example: translation or rotation)

Movement but not flow! Movement but not flow!

water

From our point of view these are related to fluid statics!

 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
(mass conservation)
1 2

v1, 1 v2, 2
Mass flow Mass flow
at point 1 at point 2

Compressible fluids:

Incompressible fluids:
Q1 = A1V1
Q2 = A2V2

A2 <<<<<
A1 >>>>> V2 >>>>>>

V1 <<<<<

A1V1 = A2V2
 EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
(mass conservation)
If area between streamlines
is high, the velocity is low

If area between streamlines

is low, the velocity is high

Low velocity Low velocity

High
velocity
EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
(mass conservation)
If area between streamlines is
very large, the velocity is low

If area between streamlines is

small, the velocity is high

In regions where the

streamlines squeeze
together, the flow velocity
is high
Ideal Flow

Viscous
Flow
 EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW
(ENERGY conservation)
The Euler and Bernoulli’s Equation

Pitot Tubes:
v pT
ps
 Bernoulli Assumptions
There are three main variables in the Bernoulli Equation
Pressure – Velocity – Elevation
To simplify problems, assumptions are often made to
eliminate one or more variables

Key Assumption # 1
Velocity = 0
Imagine a swimming pool with a small 1 cm hole on the floor of the pool.
If you apply the Bernoulli equation at the surface, and at the hole, we
assume that the volume exiting through the hole is trivial compared to the
total volume of the pool, and therefore the Velocity of a water particle at
the surface can be assumed to be zero.
 Bernoulli Assumptions

Key Assumption # 2
Pressure = 0
Whenever the only pressure acting on a point is the standard
atmospheric pressure, then the pressure at that point can be assumed to
be zero because every point in the system is subject to that same
pressure.
Therefore, for any free surface or free jet, pressure at that point can be
assumed to be zero.
 Bernoulli Assumptions

Key Assumption # 3
The Continuity Equation
In cases where one or both of the previous assumptions do not apply,
then we might need to use the continuity equation to solve the problem
A1V1=A2V2
Which satisfies that inflow and outflow are equal at any section
EQUATION OF FLUID FLOW
(ENERGY conservation)
Airspeed Indicator

Aircraft are typically flown via

this indicated airspeed (not
corrected for density,
mechanical errors, etc.).
Generally indicated in Knots.
 The Venturi Tube
• Device used to measure flow rates.
• Gas companies, waterworks, and aircraft fuel monitors
use this device.
• System works through application of Bernoulli’s
equation
 Bernoulli Equations
Basic Form

Extended form without

addition of Work

Extended form with Shaft work from

addition of Work pump/compressor

Friction
 Measuring pressure (1)
Manometers
p1 = px (negligible pressure
change in a gas)
p1
px = py (since they are at
p2=p
the same height)
a
z pz= p2 = pa
h
x y py - pz = gh
liquid p1 - pa = gh
density 

So a manometer measures gauge pressure.

EXAMPLE:
2 cm3 of gray fluid is poured into one tube of a water filled U-
tube having diameter of 0.5 cm. Then, the difference of the
two levels becomes 5 cm from its static equilibrium level.
Find the Specific Gravity of the gray fluid.
Hint: First find l from the volume of the gray fluid

D
2 cm3

A l

B C
 Measuring Pressure (2)
Barometers
vacuum p1 = 0
A barometer is used to
measure the pressure of the
atmosphere. The simplest
type of barometer consists of a h
column of fluid.
p2 = pa
p2 - p1 = gh

pa = gh
examples
water: h = pa/g =105/(103*9.8) ~10m
mercury: h = pa/g =105/(13.4*103*9.8) ~800mm
 Original Form of Bernoulli Equation:

Flow work + kinetic energy + potential energy = constant

Bernoulli’s equation is only valid for :
incompressible fluids, steady flow along a streamline, no energy loss
due to friction, no heat transfer.

Equation used for Pump Calculation

-W = energy supplied by the pump driver to transport fluid or give

pressure per unit mass of fluid
 Application of Bernoulli’s equation

- Example 1:
Determine the velocity and mass flow rate of efflux from
the circular hole (0.1 m dia.) at the bottom of the water
tank (at this instant). The tank is open to the atmosphere
and H=4 m

p1 = p2, V1= 0
1
V2  2 g ( z1  z2 )  2 gH
H
 2 * 9.8 * 4  8.85 (m / s)

m  AV  1000 * (0.1) 2 (8.85)
4
2  69.5 (kg / s)
 Example 2: If the tank has a cross-sectional area of 1 m2,
estimate the time required to drain the tank to level 2.

First, choose the control volume as

1 enclosed by the dotted line. Specify
h=h(t) as the water level as a function
h(t) of time.
From Bernoulli' s equation, V = 2gh
dm
From mass conservation,   AholeV
dt
2
dh Ahole (0.1)2
4
4
since m  Atan k h,  V 2 2 gh
dt Atan k 1
3
water height (m)

dh dh
h( t ) 2
 0.0443 h ,  0.0443dt, integrate
dt h
h(t) =0 H  0.0215t, h  0, tdrain  93 sec.
2 h  - 0.0443t
1

2.5e-007 4
0
0
0
20 40
t
60 80 100
100
t  90.3 sec
time (sec.)
Perfume in a bottle has a density of 955 kg/m3 and its
level is h=0.025m below the nozzle as shown in the
figure. Calculate the minimum speed of the air, so the
liquid will reach the nozzle. [For the density of air use
 air = 29.1.29 kg/m3]
A Pitot tube is an instrument used to measure airs peed of an aircraft
or fluid flow in pipes. In the following schematic, the mercury is
initially leveled because there is no flow. Calculate the difference in
level when the speed of the flow of air is v=10.5 m/s. [Take the
density of air=1.29kg/m3 ][1 torr = 133 pascals]
Water flows in the pipeline. Calculate maximum velocity umax in the
pipe axis and discharge Q. Determine whether the flow is laminar or
turbulent (T = 12oC). The mercury differential manometer (Hg = 13600
kgm-3) shows the difference between levels in Pitot tube Hm = 0,02 m.
Diameter of the pipe is D = 0,15 m. Velocity coefficient of Pitot tube is
= 1,0. Mean velocity is considered to be v = 0,84 umax
 Pipe Flow Example

1 goil= 8.82 kN/m3

Z1 = ?
f = .035 2
Z2 = 130
60 m m
7m Kout=
r/D = 0 1
130 m
r/D = 2

If oil flows from the upper to lower reservoir at a velocity of 1.58 m/s in the
D= 15 cm smooth pipe, what is the elevation of the oil surface in the
upper reservoir?
Include major losses along the pipe, and the minor losses associated with
the entrance, the two bends, and the outlet.
 Pipe Flow Example

1 Z1 = ?
2
Z2 = 130
60 m m
7m Kout=
r/D = 0 1
130 m
r/D = 2
Apply Bernoulli’s equation between points 1 and 2:
Assumptions: P1 = P2 = Atmospheric = 0 V1 = V2 = 0 (large tank)
0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + Hmaj + Hmin
Hmaj = (f L V2)/(D 2g)=(.035 x 197m * (1.58m/s)2)/(.15 x 2 x 9.8m/s2)
Hmaj= 5.85m
 Pipe Flow Example

1 Z1 = ?
2
Z2 = 130
60 m m
7m Kout=
r/D = 0 1
130 m
r/D = 2
0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + 5.85m + Hmin
Hmin= 2KbendV2/2g + KentV2/2g + KoutV2/2g
From Loss Coefficient table: Kbend = 0.19 Kent = 0.5 Kout = 1
Hmin = (0.19x2 + 0.5 + 1) * (1.582/2*9.8)
Hmin = 0.24 m
 Pipe Flow Example

1 Z1 = ?
2
Z2 = 130
60 m m
7m Kout=
r/D = 0 1
130 m
r/D = 2

0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + Hmaj + Hmin

0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + 5.85m + 0.24m

Z1 = 136.1 meters
 Open Channel Flow
Uniform Open Channel Flow is the hydraulic condition in which
the water depth and the channel cross section do not change
over some reach of the channel
Manning’s Equation was developed to relate flow and channel
geometry to water depth. Knowing Q in a channel, one can
solve for the water depth Y. Knowing the maximum allowable
depth Y, one can solve for Q.
 Open Channel Flow
Manning’s equation is only accurate for cases where the cross
sections of a stream or channel are uniform. Manning’s
equation works accurately for man made channels, but for
natural streams and rivers, it can only be used as an
approximation.
 Manning’s Equation
Terms in the Manning’s equation:
V = Channel Velocity
A = Cross sectional area of the channel
P = Wetted perimeter of the channel
R = Hydraulic Radius = A/P
S = Slope of the channel bottom (ft/ft or m/m)
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient (.015, .045, .12)
Yn = Normal depth (depth of uniform flow)

Area Yn
Y
X
Wetted Perimeter
Slope = S = Y/X
 Manning’s Equation
V = (1/n)R2/3√(S) for the metric system

V = (1.49/n)R2/3√(S) for the English system

Q = A(k/n)R2/3√(S) k is either 1 or 1.49

Yn is not directly a part of Manning’s equation. However, A and R

depend on Yn. Therefore, the first step to solving any Manning’s
equation problem, is to solve for the geometry’s cross sectional
area and wetted perimeter:

For a rectangular Channel

Area = A = B x Yn
Yn Wetted Perimeter = P = B + 2Yn
B Hydraulic Radius = A/P = R = BYn/(B+2Yn)
 Simple Manning’s Example
A rectangular open concrete (n=0.015) channel is to be
designed to carry a flow of 2.28 m3/s. The slope is 0.006
m/m and the bottom width of the channel is 2 meters.
Determine the normal depth that will occur in this channel.
First, find A, P and R
A = 2Yn P = 2 + 2Yn R = 2Yn/(2 + 2Yn)
Next, apply Manning’s equation
Q = A(1/n)R2/3√(S) 
2.28 = (2Yn)x(1/0.015) * (2Yn/(2 + 2Yn))2/3 * √(0.006)

Solving for Yn with Goal Seek

Y
n
Yn = 0.47 meters
2m
 The Trapezoidal Channel
House flooding occurs along Brays Bayou when water
overtops the banks. What flow is allowable in Brays Bayou
if it has the geometry shown below?

Slope
S = 0.001 ft/ft 25’
a = 20°
Concrete Lined
n = 0.015 B=35’
A, P and R for Trapezoidal Channels

A = Yn(B + Yn cot a)
Y
P = B + (2Yn/sin a )
n θ
B R = (Yn(B + Yn cot a)) / (B + (2Yn/sin a))
 The Trapezoidal Channel

Slope
S = 0.0003 ft/ft 25’
Θ = 20°
Concrete Lined
n = 0.015 35’

A = Yn(B + Yn cot a)
A = 25( 35 + 25 cot(20)) = 2592 ft2
P = B + (2Yn/sin a )
P = 35 + (2 x 25/sin(20)) = 181.2 ft
R = 2592’ / 181.2’ = 14.3 ft
 The Trapezoidal Channel

Slope
S = 0.0003 ft/ft 25’
Θ = 20°
Concrete Lined
n = 0.015 35’

Q for Bayou = A(1.49/n)R2/3√(S)

Q = 2592 x (1.49 / .015) (14.3)2/3 √(.0003)

Q = Max allowable Flow = 26,300 cfs

 Manning’s Over Different Terrains
S = .005
ft/ft
5’ 5’ 5’

3’

Grass Grass 3’
n=.03 Concrete n=.03
n=.015
Estimate the flow rate for the above channel?
Hint:
Treat each different portion of the channel separately.
You must find an A, R, P and Q for each section of the channel
that has a different n coefficient. Neglect dotted line segments.
 Manning’s Over Grass
S = .005
ft/ft
5’ 5’ 5’

3’

Grass Grass 3’
n=.03 Concrete n=.03
n=.015
The Grassy portions:
For each section:
A = 5’ x 3’ = 15 ft2 P = 5’ + 3’ = 8 ft R = 15 ft2/8 ft = 1.88 ft
Q = 15(1.49/.03)1.882/3√(.005)
Q = 80.24 cfs per section  For both sections…
Q = 2 x 80.24 = 160.48 cfs
 Manning’s Over Concrete
S = .005
ft/ft
5’ 5’ 5’

3’

Grass Grass 3’
n=.03 Concrete n=.03
n=.015
The Concrete section
A = 5’ x 6’ = 30 ft2 P = 5’ + 3’ + 3’= 11 ft R = 30 ft2/11 ft = 2.72 ft
Q = 30(1.49/.015)2.722/3√(.005)
Q = 410.6 cfs
For the entire channel…
Q = 410.6 + 129.3 = 540 cfs
God bless UNDIP’s Chem Eng
graduates at world job seeker
competition!