Before a researcher can design

an experiment, he must do the

following:
Ask questions he would like to be
answered;
State his research hypothesis; and
Make a detailed procedure of his
experiment.
 The experimental procedure is
consists of four parts:
Selection of appropriate materials to be
tested;
Specification of variables to be
measured;
Selection of procedure to be used in
measuring the variables; and
Specification of analytical procedure to
be used to test the hypothesis.
 What is research design?
 A complete sequences of steps and
procedures that need to be followed
when obtaining needed data during
an investigation.
 It serves as a guide during the actual
experimentation.
 It minimizes the cost of
experimentation while maximizing the
gathered information relevant to the
problem.
 It also validates the statistical test it
takes into consideration all the
assumptions that went through the
process of deriving the various
statistics.
 A research design is embodied in a
research proposal which contains the
following sections:
 Introduction
 Review of Related Literature
 Methodology or materials and methods
 Literature Cited
Planning a Research Design
 A research plan identifies the subject of
study, the variables, controls, experimental
groups, the instruments and devices to be
used, and the statistical tests to be used to
analyze the data.
 The subject of the study is the main material
being used in the experiment. It is also
called experimental unit.
 The experimental unit may be
subjected to different treatments
depending upon the objectives of the
study.
 A treatment denotes any procedure
done in the experimental unit.
 The effect of this procedure is to be
measured and analyzed.
Principles of a Research Design
Replication
 is a very necessary element in the
design of any research.
 the experiment should be repeated
several times to find an estimate of
variations among observations on the
groups of subjects treated alike.
Randomization
 refers to the assignment of the
experimental subjects to the
treatments by chance.
 reduces possible bias in comparative
experiments.
 assures a valid or unbiased estimate
of population parameters and the
validity of the statistical test of
significance.
Local Control
 is done when balancing, grouping,
and blocking of experimental units.
 experimental units are allocated to a
block in such manner that the units in
a block is relatively homogeneous.
 experimental units may be blocked
according to certain characteristics
such as height, age, weight, gender,
grade level, pH level, and soon.
Control of Extraneous Variables
 Identical conditions must be
provided for the control and
experimental group. These two
groups should differ only in terms of
the absence (control) or presence of
the treatment (experimental).
Types of Research Design
1. Single-group Design
2. Two-group Design
3. Two-pair group Design
4. Parallel-group Design
5. Counterbalanced or Latin square Design
6. Complete Randomized Design (CRD)
7. Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD)
8. Correlational Design
9. Pre-test-Post-test Design
1.Single-group design
 This design involves a single treatment with
two or more levels.
Effect of Fish Meal as Supplemental Feed upon the Yield
of Mudcrab (S.serrata) Cultured in Fish Pond
Fish Meal Yield of Mudcrab (kg)
Treatment Replications
(T)
1 2 3
T1 (5%) x x x
T2 (10%) x x x
T3 (15%) x x x
2.Two-group Design
 In this design, two comparable groups are employed as
experimental and control groups or two comparable
groups are both experimental groups.
Growth Rate of Cultivating Eucheuma using
Broadcasting and Lantay Method
Research Broadcasting Lantay Method
Situations Method kg kg
1 x x
2 x x
3 x x
4 x x
5 x x
3. Two-pair group Design
 This design is an elaboration of the two group design
wherein there are two control groups and two
experimental groups.
Acceptability of Canned Milkfish Bone Meal in
Salmon and French Styles with and without
Sea Vegetable
Panelist Canned Milkfish Bone Meal
W/out Sea Vegetable W/ Sea Vegetable
1 2 1 2
Salmon Style French Style Salmon Style French Style
1 x x x x
2 x x x x
3 x x x x
4 x x x x
5 x x x x
4. Parallel-group Design
 This is a design in which two or more
groups are used as the same time with
only a single variable (control group)
manipulated or changed. The
experimental group varies while the
parallel group serves as control for
comparative purposes.
 Acceptability of Canned Commercial Liver
Spread, Milkfish Bone Meal Spread and Goatfish
Bone Meal Spread
Canned Commercial Liver Spread and Fish Bone Meal
Spread
Control Group Experimental Group
Panelists Commercial Milkfish Goatfish
Group
1 x x x
2 x x x
3 x x x
4 x x x
5 x x x
5. Counterbalanced or Latin square design
 This design is also called “rotation design.” It
involves an exchange of two or more
treatment taken by the subjects during the
experiment. The arrangement employed in
the design is Latin square in which each
variable is a form of square occurring once
in each row or column. This is also called
quasi-experimental design.
Sample of Counterbalanced or Latin Square
Design in Culturing of Grouper Using Four
Supplemental Feeds to Four Cages
FC1 FC2 FC3 FC4
SF1 G1 G2 G3 G4
SF2 G2 G3 G4 G3
SF3 G3 G4 G1 G2
SF4 G4 G1 G1 G1
6. Complete Randomized Design (CRD)
 This is a design in which a group of test
plants or animals is studied only once
but subsequent treatment is applied to
determine the cause of change. There is
no control in this design but the
subjects will undergo randomization.
Yield of Mudcrab (Syclla serrata) Using
Bread Meal as Supplemental Feed
% Supplemental Sampling
Feed per 1 2 3
Compartment
1 (3%) x x x
2 (5%) x x x
3 (7%) x x x
4 (10%) x x x
5 (15%) x x x
 7. Randomized Complete Block
Design(RCBD)
 This experimental design uses a group of test
plants and animals as subjects of the study
which are studied once but subsequent
treatments applied are replicated to
determine the cause of change. There is a
control in a design and the subjects will
undergo randomization process.
 Culturing Abalone (Haliotis asinina) in Fish
Cages Using Fish Meal, Shrimp Meal, and Fish
Silage as Supplemental Feeds
Supplemental Replications
Feeds 1 2 3
Fish Meal x x x
Shrimp Meal x x x
Fish Silage x x x
8. Correlational Design
 This experimental design is used to
determine the relationship of two
dependent variables, X and Y, on how
they are manipulated by the
independent variable.
Weight and Length Relationship of Milkfish
(Chanos chanos) cultured in Fishpond using
Fish Silage as Supplemental Feed
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable

Supplemental
Weight (X)
Feed
Length (Y)
(Fish Silage)
9. Pre-test-Post-test Design
 This design involves the experimental group
and the control group which are carefully
selected through randomization
procedures. Both groups are given pretest at
the beginning of the semester and posttest
at the end of the semester . But the control
group is isolated from all experimental
influences.
 Effect of Traditional and Modern
Methods of Teaching Mathematics
Method of Pre-test Post-test
Teaching Mean (X1) Mean (X2)
Traditional x x
Modern x x
Based on the statement,
choose the best research
design that is applicable to
the situation. Illustrate how
it would possibly happen.
Then, construct the
appropriate title for the
study.
 Mind in Action 
1. Twenty seven rats of the same age and
sex are to be subjected to environments
of different odor sources: male odor,
female odor, and no odor. Describe the
best design in assigning to different
treatments to compare reaction of rats
in terms of the markings they make in
the environment.
2. A study will be done to investigate the
effect to two drugs in lowering blood
sugar level. Thirty diabetic patients will
be the subjects of this experiment.
They will undergo one of three
treatments: drug A, drug B, and
placebo. How will you design the
experiment?
3. A diaper manufacturer would like to
compare a newly designed baby diaper to
that of their original design in terms of the
amount of urine absorbed and acceptability
of the product. Twenty sets of identical
twins are to be used as subjects of the
scientific investigation. What experimental
design is best for this investigation and how
will you assign the treatments to the
subjects?