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AIRCRAFT AVIONICS

PRINCIPLE

Zhang Fuchun
Dec 2006
CHAPTER 3
Measuring of the Aircrafts’ Course

 The earth’s magnetism and course



Measuring of the course

The principle of the gyro-magnetic
compass
 Direction-attitude system
Section 1
The Earth’s Magnetism and
Direction
1. The earth’s magnetism
(1) The magnetism of the earth
Section 1
The Earth’s Magnetism and
Direction
1. The earth’s magnetism
(2) Dipping
Section 1
The Earth’s Magnetism and
Direction
1. The earth’s magnetism
(3) The magnetic variation
Section 1
The Earth’s Magnetism and
Direction
1. The course
The course is the included angle between the
longitudinal axis of the aircraft and the level of
the meridian. Making the north end of the meridian
as the starting point, it is calculated close
-wise. For the different meridian selected, the
course can be divided into true course, magnetic
course and
great circle course.
Section 1
The Earth’s Magnetism and
Direction
1. The course
• true course
• magnetic course
Section 1
The Earth’s Magnetism and
Direction
1. The course
• circle course
Section 2
Measuring of the Course

1. Basic conditions for measuring the course


There must the following three conditions in measuring
the course:
(1) To measure the direction of magnetic
longitude correctly
(2) To express the longitudinal axis of
the aircraft.
(3) To have a steady level where the
sensitive parts which can sense the
longitude direction can stay all the
time.
Section 2
Measuring of the Course

2. Measuring the course


(1) Using magnetic stripe to measure course
Section 2
Measuring of the Course
2. Measuring the course
(2) Using the earth’s magnetic induction elements to measure
course

• Using soft iron bar


Section 2
Measuring of the Course
2. Measuring the course
(2) Using the earth’s magnetic induction elements to measure
course
• Using single-phase earth’s magnetic induction element
Section 2
Measuring of the Course
2. Measuring the course
(2) Using the earth’s magnetic induction elements to measure
course
• Using three-phase earth’s magnetic induction element
2. Measuring the course
(2) Using the earth’s magnetic induction elements to measure
course
• Using three-phase earth’s magnetic induction element
2. Measuring the course
(2) Using the earth’s magnetic induction elements to measure
course
• Using three-phase earth’s magnetic induction element
2. Measuring the course
(2) Using the earth’s magnetic induction elements to measure
course
• Using three-phase earth’s magnetic induction element

Advantages:

① There is no mechanism inertia in measuring


magnetic meridian.
② There is no stagnation error.
③ Sensitivity is higher.
Section 2
Measuring of the Course
3. Measuring of gyro course
(1) Principle of measuring turning angle
Section 2
Measuring of the Course
3. Measuring of gyro course
(2) Principle of indicated gyro course
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
1. Gyro-magnetic compass principle
(1) Working principle of Magnetic stripe gyro-magnetic compass
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
1. Gyro-magnetic compass principle
(1) Working principle of Magnetic stripe gyro-magnetic compass
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
1. Gyro-magnetic compass principle
(1) Working principle of Magnetic stripe gyro-magnetic compass
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
1. Gyro-magnetic compass principle
(1) Working principle of Magnetic stripe gyro-magnetic compass
• conclusion
a. Gyro mechanism controls the indicator to
indicate the turning angle of the
aircraft directly.
b. Magnetic sensor controls indicator to
indicate course of the aircraft through
synchronous gyro mechanism indirectly.
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
1. Gyro-magnetic compass principle
(1) Working principle of Magnetic stripe gyro-magnetic compass
• Working situation
a. Synchronous state
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
1. Gyro-magnetic compass principle
(1) Working principle of Magnetic stripe gyro-magnetic compass
• Working situation
b. Distorting state
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
1. Gyro-magnetic compass principle
(1) Working principle of Magnetic stripe gyro-magnetic compass
• Working situation
b. Distorting state
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
1. Gyro-magnetic compass principle
(1) Working principle of Magnetic stripe gyro-magnetic compass
• Working situation
In a word, the synchronous state of double-potential follow-up
system is a contemporary and relative state. And distorting state
is common and absolute sate. Once the indicator and the
measured course of the magnetic sensor are not consistent, the
system will be in distorting state. When the magnetic sensor
indicates correctly, it controls indicator to give the correct course
to the aircraft; when the magnetic sensor indicates incorrectly, it
is a wrong correction to the indicator.
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
1. Gyro-magnetic compass principle
(1) Magnetic stripe gyro-magnetic compass principle
• conclusion
a. Gyro mechanism controls the indicator to
indicate the turning angle of the
aircraft directly.
b. Magnetic sensor controls indicator to
indicate course of the aircraft through
synchronous gyro mechanism indirectly.
c. U si ng pro pe r aut o-s yn ch ron ous
spe ed to m ake t he ai rcr af t
ind ic ate c our se co rr ect ly in
lev el fl ig ht an d t ur nin g
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
1. Gyro-magnetic compass principle
(2) Working principle of induced gyro-magnetic compass
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
2. Gyro course error and error elimination
(1) Gyro course error
① Wandering error

a. Azimuth error

b. The earth’s rotation error

c. Speed error.
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
2. Gyro course error and error elimination
(1) Gyro course error
② Bracket error
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
2. Gyro course error and error elimination
(1) Gyro course error
③ Banking turn error

The error caused by the wrong correction moment of


the horizontal correction electromotor when the aircraft
is making banking turn.
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
2. Gyro course error and error elimination
(2) Quantity of bracket and corresponding curve
Section 3
Gyro-magnetic Compass Principle
2. Gyro course error and error elimination
(3) Expression of bracket error in flight
(4) Error-elimination methods
Section 4
Course Attitude System

Course attitude system is an integrated


instrument. It can measure and indicate all
attitudes of the aircraft. And it can measure
and indicate pitch angle, bank angle and
course angle. So it is also called complete
attitude system.
Section 4
Course Attitude System
1. Function and basic composition
(1) Functions
• To measure and indicate magnetic course, gyro course
and turning angle;
• To measure and indicate pitch angle, bank angle and
turning angle speed, turning direction, sideslip and
sideslip direction;
• To indicate radio station’s corresponding azimuth
angle assorted with radio electric compass;
• To output pitch, inclination and course signals to the
equipments on the aircraft.
Section 4
Course Attitude System
1. Function and basic composition
(2) Composition

• Induction magnetic sensor---to make magnetic


course correction to directional gyro in the complete
attitude-assembly gyro;

• Complete assembly gyro---to measure pitch angle,


bank angle and course angle. To supply pitch angle,
bank angel and course angle signal to the indicator and
aviation equipments;
Section 4
Course Attitude System
1. Function and basic composition
(2) Composition

• Course position indicator---to show the course,


position, drift and kilometers off-course and course
gliding data measured by complete attitude assembly
gyro, radio electric gross compass, course gliding
receiving system and GPS navigation system into
visible signal integrated for pilots.
Section 4
Course Attitude System
1. Function and basic composition
(2) Composition
• Course indicator---to show course angle and bank
angle integrated;
• Horizon indicator---to indicate pitch angle and bank
angle of the aircraft;
• Control box---to control the work of course attitude
system and convert the working state of course attitude
system by the button on the panel. To transmit azimuth
correction signal to directional gyro and control
synchronizing speed;
Section 4
Course Attitude System
1. Function and basic composition
(2) Composition

• Integrated amplifier---to amplify servo system


control signal in course attitude system.
• Relay control box---to convert connection of total
parts in course attitude system and the working state.
To supply the needed abnormal electric source to the
system.
Section 4
Course Attitude System
2. Basic working principle
Section 4
Course Attitude System
2. Basic working principle
(1) Basic working principle of course system
Section 4
Course Attitude System
2. Basic working principle
(2) Working principle of attitude system

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