Chapter Five

Gas Turbine Power Plant

 Introduction
Gas turbine:
 burn fuels such as oil, nature gas
and pulverised (powdered) coal.
 Instead of using the heat to
produce steam, as in steam
turbines, gas turbines use the hot
gases directly to turn the turbine
blades.
 Gas turbines have three main
parts:
i) Air compressor
ii) Combustion chamber
iii) Turbine
Air compressor:
 The air compressor and turbine are mounted at either end on a
common horizontal axle(shaft), with the combustion chamber
between them.
 Gas turbines are not self starting. A starting motor initially drives the
compressor till the first combustion of fuel takes place, later, part of
the turbine’s power runs the compressor.
 The air compressor sucks in air and compresses it, thereby increasing
its pressure.
Combustion chamber:
 In the combustion chamber, the compressed air combines with fuel
and the resulting mixture is burnt.
 The greater the pressure of air, the better the fuel air mixture burns.
 Modern gas turbines usually use liquid fuel, but they may also use
gaseous fuel, natural gas or gas produced artificially by gasification
of a solid fuel.
Note :
 The combination of air compressor and combustion chamber is
called as gas generator.
Turbine:
o The burning gases expand rapidly and rush into the turbine, where they
cause the turbine wheels to rotate.
o Hot gases move through a multistage gas turbine.
o Like in steam turbine, the gas turbine also has fixed(stationary) and
moving(rotor) blades.
o The stationary blades guide the moving gases to the rotor blades and
adjust its velocity.
o The shaft of the turbine is coupled to a generator or machinery to drive
it.
 Applications of gas turbine:
 Gas turbines are used to drive pumps, compressors and high speed cars.
 Used in aircraft and ships for their propulsion. They are not suitable for
automobiles because of their very high speeds.
 Power generation(used for peak load and as stand-by unit).
 Note:
 Gas turbines run at even higher temperatures than steam turbines, the
temperature may be as high as 1100 – 12600C.
 The thermal efficiency of gas turbine made of metal components do not
exceed 36%.
Layout of a gas turbine power plant
 Starting motor:
 Gas turbines are not self starting. They require a starting motor to
first bring the turbine to the minimum speed called coming –in
speed, for this purpose a starting motor is required.
 Low pressure compressor(LPC):
 The purpose of the compressor is to compress the air. Air from the
atmosphere is drawn into the LPC and is compressed.
 Intercooler:
 The air after compression in the LPC is hot. It is cooled by the
intercooler. The intercooler is circulated with cooling water.
 High pressure compressor(HPC):
 The air from the intercooler enters the HPC where it is further
compressed to a high pressure. The compressed air passes through a
regenerator.
 Regenerator(Heat exchanger):
 The air entering the combustion chamber(CC) for combustion must
be hot. The heat from the exhaust gases is picked up by the
compressed air entering the combustion chamber.
 Combustion chamber:
 The fuel(natural gas, pulverized coal, kerosene or gasoline) is
injected into the combustion chamber.
 The fuel gets ignited because of the compressed air.
 The fuel along with the compressed air is ignited sometimes
with a spark plug.
 High pressure turbine (HPT):
 In the beginning the starting motor runs the compressor shaft.
 The hot gases(products of combustion) expands through the
high pressure turbine.
 It is important to note that when the HPT shaft rotates it infact
drives the compressor shaft which is coupled to it. Now the HPT
runs the compressor and the starting motor is stopped.
Note :
 About 66% of the power developed by the gas turbine power
plant is used to run the compressor.
 Only 34% of the power developed by the plant is used to
generate electric power.
 Low pressure turbine (LPT):
 The purpose of the LPT is to produce electric power.
 The shaft of the LPT is directly coupled with the generator for producing
electricity.
 The hot gases(products of combustion) after leaving the HPT is again sent
to a combustion chamber where it further undergoes combustion.
 The exhaust gases after leaving the LPT passes through the regenerator
before being exhausted through the chimney into the atmosphere.
 The heat from the hot gases is used to preheat the air entering the
combustion chamber. This preheating of the air improves the efficiency
of the combustion chamber.
Advantages of gas turbine power plant :
 Storage of fuel requires less area and handling is easy.
 The cost of maintenance is less.
 It is simple in construction. There is no need for boiler, condenser and other
accessories as in the case of steam power plants.
 Cheaper fuel such as kerosene , paraffin, benzene and powdered coal can
be used which are cheaper than petrol and diesel.
 Gas turbine plants can be used in water scarcity areas.
 Less pollution and less water is required.
Disadvantages of gas turbine power plant :
 66% of the power developed is used to drive the
compressor. Therefore the gas turbine unit has a low
thermal efficiency.
 The running speed of gas turbine is in the range of
(40,000 to 100,000 rpm) and the operating temperature
is as high as 1100 – 12600C. For this reason special metals
and alloys have to be used for the various parts of the
turbine.
 High frequency noise from the compressor is
objectionable.
Open and Closed Brayton Cycle
 Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles
 For actual gas turbines, compressor
and turbine are not isentropic
 Some pressure drop occurs during the
heat-addition and heat rejection
processes.
 The actual work input to the
compressor is more, and the actual
work output from the turbine is less,
because of irreversibilities.
 Deviation of actual compressor and
turbine behavior from the idealized
isentropic behavior can be accounted
for by utilizing isentropic efficiencies
of the turbine and compressor.
 Brayton Cycle With Regeneration
 Temperature of the exhaust gas leaving the
turbine is higher than the temperature of the
air leaving the compressor. The air leaving the
compressor can be heated by the hot exhaust
gases in a counter-flow heat exchanger (a
regenerator) – a process called regeneration
 The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle
increases due to regeneration since less fuel is
used for the same work output.
 The use of a regenerator is recommended
only when the turbine exhaust temperature
is higher than the compressor exit
temperature.
Effectiveness of the Regenerator
 Assuming the regenerator is well insulated and changes in kinetic and
potential energies are negligible, the actual and maximum heat
transfers from the exhaust gases to the air can be expressed as
 The net work output of a gas-turbine cycle can be increased by
either:
a) Decreasing the compressor work, or
b) Increasing the turbine work, or
c) both.
• The compressor work input can be decreased by carrying out
the compression process in stages and cooling the gas in
between, using multistage compression with intercooling.
• The work output of a turbine can be increased by expanding the
gas in stages and reheating it in between, utilizing a multistage
expansion with reheating.
Physical arrangement of an ideal two-stage gas-turbine
cycle with inter cooling, reheating and regeneration
 Conditions for Best Performance
 The work input to a two-stage compressor is minimized when equal
pressure ratios are maintained across each stage.This procedure also
maximizes the turbine work output.Thus, for best performance we have,

Intercooling and reheating always decreases

thermal efficiency unless are accompanied by
regeneration.
Therefore, in gas turbine power plants,
intercooling and reheating are always used in
conjunction with regeneration.
Ideal Jet-Propulsion Cycles
 Gas-turbine engines are widely used to power aircraft because they
are and compact and have a high power-to-weight ratio.
Aircraft gas turbines operate on an open cycle called a jet-
propulsion cycle.
The ideal jetpropulsion cycle differs from the simple ideal Brayton
cycle in that the gases are not expanded to the ambient pressure in
the turbine.
Instead, they are expanded to a pressure such that the power
produced by the turbine is just sufficient to drive the compressor and
the auxiliary equipment, such as a small generator and hydraulic
pumps.
That is, the net work output of a jetpropulsion cycle is zero.
The gases that exit the turbine at a relatively high pressure are
subsequently accelerated in a nozzle to provide the thrust to
propel the aircraft.
Aircraft are propelled by accelerating a fluid in the opposite direction to
motion. This is accomplished by either slightly accelerating a large mass
of fluid ( propeller-driven engine) or greatly accelerating a small mass of
fluid ( jet or turbojet engine) or both (turboprop engine).
The pressure of air rises slightly as it is decelerated in the diffuser. Air is
compressed by the compressor. It is mixed with fuel in the combustion
chamber, where the mixture is burned at constant pressure. The high-
pressure and high-temperature combustion gases partially expand in the
turbine, producing enough power to drive the compressor and other
equipment. Finally, the gases expand in a nozzle to the ambient pressure
and leave the engine at a high velocity.
 In the ideal case, the turbine work is assumed to equal the
compressor work. Also, the processes in the diffuser, the
compressor, the turbine, and the nozzle are assumed to be
isentropic. In the analysis of actual cycles, however, the
irreversibilities associated with these devices should be
considered. The effect of the irreversibilities is to reduce
the thrust that can be obtained from a turbojet engine.
 The thrust developed in a turbojet engine is the
unbalanced force that is caused by the difference in the
momentum of the low-velocity air entering the engine and
the high-velocity exhaust gases leaving the engine, and it is
determined from Newton’s second law.
Propulsive power and efficiency
 Propulsive power
It is the power developed from the thrust of
the engine is called the propulsive power
WP, which is the propulsive force (thrust)
times the distance this force acts on the
aircraft per unit time, that is, the thrust times
the aircraft velocity.

 Propulsive efficiency
It is the ratio of the desired output to the required input.The
desired output in a turbojet engine is the power produced to propel
the aircraft WP and the required input is the heating value of the
fuel Qin.