Anatomi dan Fisiologi

Tumbuhan
Struktur dan Perkembangan Tumbuhan
Fotosintesis
Hormon Tumbuhan

Ihsan Tria Pramanda, M.S.

Pembinaan OSN Biologi SMAN 1 Sumatera Barat
Padang Panjang, 30 Januari – 4 Februari 2018
 Silabus OSN/IBO
 Biologi sel dan molekuler  Fotosintetsis, transpirasi dan
(20%) pertukaran gas
– Daun
 Anatomi & fisiologi  Transport air, mineral dan
tumbuhan (15%) bahan lainnya
– Akar
 Anatomi & fisiologi hewan
– Batang
(20-25%)  Pertumbuhan dan
 Genetika & evolusi (15-20%) Perkembangan
– Meristem
 Etologi (5%) – Germinasi (perkecambahan)
 Ekologi (7%)  Reproduksi
 Biosistematik (5%)  Hormon tumbuhan
 Referensi Buku

Taiz & Zeiger (2002) Bowes & Mauseth (2008) Evert & Eicchorn (2013)
 Buku Persiapan

Buku Ringkasan Materi TOBI 6e (2017) Buku Latihan Soal & Pembahasan
TOBI 5e (2017)
www.tokopedia.com/warungtobi
Fotosintesis
Tanaman Hijau
 Organisme Fotosintetik

Unicellular protist 10 µm

Multicellular alga (Cyanobacteria

40 µm
 Penampang Daun
Leaf cross section Chloroplast
Vein

Mesophyll

Outer
Stomata Thylakoid membrane
CO2 O2
Intermembrane
StromaGranum Thylakoid space
Chloroplast
space Inner
Mesophyll cell
membrane

5 µm
1 µm
 Reaksi Fotosintesis

Reactants: 6 CO2 12 H2O

Products: C6H12O6 6 H2O 6 O2

Fotosintesis: Reaksi Terang dan Siklus Calvin
H2O CO2

Light

NADP+
ADP
+ P
i
Calvin
Light Cycle
Reactions
ATP

NADPH

Chloroplast

O2 [CH2O]
(sugar)
Spektrum Gelombang Elektromagnetik
1m
10–5 nm 10–3 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm (109 nm) 103 m

Gamma Micro- Radio

rays
X-rays UV Infrared waves waves

Visible light

380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm

Shorter wavelength Longer wavelength
Higher energy Lower energy
 Pigmen Fotosintetik
RESULTS Chloro-
phyll a Chlorophyll b

Carotenoids
Excited
e– state
(a) Absorption spectra 400 500 600 700

Energy of electron
Wavelength of light (nm)
Heat

Photon
(fluorescence)
(b) Action spectrum Photon Ground
Chlorophyll state
molecule
Aerobic bacteria
Filament
of alga
(Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule
(c) Engelmann’s
experiment 400 500 600 700
 Fotosistem
Photosystem STROMA
 A photosystem consists of a Photon
Primary
reaction-center complex (a Light-harvesting Reaction-center
complexes complex electron
acceptor
type of protein complex)
surrounded by light-
harvesting complexes

Thylakoid membrane
 The light-harvesting e–

complexes (pigment
molecules bound to proteins)
funnel the energy of photons
to the reaction center Transfer Special pair of Pigment
of energy chlorophyll a molecules
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
 Reaksi Terang pada Fotosistem II dan I

Primary
Primary 4 acceptor 7
acceptor Fd
Pq e–
2 e– 8
H 2O e– e– NADP+
2 H+ Cytochrome
complex NADP+ + H+
+ reductase
1/ O2 3 NADPH
2
Pc
e–
e– P700
P680 5 Light

1 Light 6

ATP

Pigment
molecules
Photosystem I
(PS I)
Photosystem II
(PS II)
Kemiosmosis pada Reaksi Terang Fotosintesis
STROMA
(low H+ concentration) Cytochrome
Photosystem II Photosystem I
complex
4 H+ Light NADP+
Light reductase
Fd 3
NADP+ + H+

Pq NADPH

e– Pc
e– 2
H2O
1/
THYLAKOID SPACE 1 2 O2
(high H+ concentration) +2 H+ 4 H+

To
Calvin
Cycle

Thylakoid
membrane ATP
STROMA synthase
ADP
(low H+ concentration)
+ ATP
Pi
H+
 Siklus Calvin
Input 3 (Entering one
CO2 at a time)

 Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and

leaves as a sugar named
Phase 1: Carbon fixation

Rubisco

3 P
Short-lived
P glyceraldehyde-3-phospate
3P P
intermediate
6 P
(G3P)
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
3-Phosphoglycerate
6 ATP  For net synthesis of 1 G3P, the
cycle must take place three times,
6 ADP

3 ADP Calvin

3 ATP
Cycle
6 P P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
fixing 3 molecules of CO2
Phase 3:
6 NADPH  The Calvin cycle has three phases:
 Carbon fixation (catalyzed
Regeneration of 6 NADP+
the CO2 acceptor 6 Pi
(RuBP)

by rubisco)
5 P
G3P 6 P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Phase 2:
(G3P) Reduction
 Reduction
 Regeneration of the CO2
Output
1
G3P
P Glucose and
other organic
acceptor (RuBP)
(a sugar) compounds
 Fotorespirasi
 In most plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of CO2, via rubisco,
forms a three-carbon compound
 In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the
Calvin cycle  consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2
without producing ATP or sugar
 C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by
incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll
cells
 This step requires the enzyme PEP carboxylase
– PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco does; it can
fix CO2 even when CO2 concentrations are low
– These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells,
where they release CO2 that is then used in the Calvin cycle
 Fotosintesis C4
The C4 Mesophyll
pathway cell CO2
PEP carboxylase
C4 leaf anatomy

Mesophyll cell Oxaloacetate (4C) PEP (3C)

Photosynthetic ADP
cells of C4 Bundle- Malate (4C) ATP
plant leaf sheath
cell
Pyruvate (3C)
Bundle-
Vein sheath CO2
(vascular tissue) cell
Calvin
Cycle

Sugar

Stoma
Vascular
tissue
 Fotosintesis C4 vs CAM

Sugarcane Pineapple
C4 CAM
CO2 CO2
Mesophyll 1 CO2 incorporated Night
cell Organic acid into four-carbon Organic acid
organic acids
(carbon fixation)
Bundle- CO2 CO2 Day
sheath
cell 2 Organic acids
Calvin release CO2 to Calvin
Cycle Calvin cycle Cycle

Sugar Sugar

(a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps