BASIC TERMS,

PRINCIPLES &
CONCEPT OF
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Col. Muhammad Akmal Khan
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Arrangements about managing the potential
adverse effects of an event, including, for
example, arrangements for mitigating,
preventing, preparing for, responding to and
recovering from a disaster.
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Disaster
Impact
Preparednes Disaste

Post-disaster Recovery
s r
Pre-disaster Risk
Reduction Phase

Mitigati Response
on

Phase
Recovery
 PHASES OF DM CYCLE
Response. Measures taken in anticipation of,
during, and immediately after an emergency to
ensure its effects are minimized

4
Phases of DM Cycle
Relief. The provision of

6/12/2011
immediate shelter, life support
and human needs of persons
affected by, or responding to
an emergency. It includes the
establishment, management
and provision of services to
emergency relief centers .
Rehabilitation. The
operations and decisions taken
after a disaster with a view to
restoring a stricken
community to its former living
conditions, whilst encouraging
and facilitating the necessary
adjustments to the changes 5

caused by the disaster

Recovery. The coordinated process of supporting
emergency-affected communities in reconstruction of
the physical infrastructure and restoration of
emotional, social, economic, and physical well-being.
 Reconstruction. Actions taken to re-establish a
community after a period of rehabilitation subsequent to
a disaster. Actions would include construction of
permanent housing, restoration of all services, and
complete resumption of the pre-disaster state

6
 PHASES OF DM CYCLE

 Mitigation. Measures taken in advance of a

disaster aimed at decreasing or eliminating its
impact on society and environment
 Preparedness. Measures to ensure that, should
an emergency occur, communities, resources, and
services are capable of coping with the effects
PRINCIPLES
1 Comprehensive
2 Progressive
3 Risk-driven
11
4 Integrated
5 Collaborative
6 Coordinated
7 Flexible
8 Professional
 COMPREHENSIVE .

..
Disaster managers consider and take into account all
hazards, all phases, all stake-holders and all impacts
relevant to disasters
 "All Hazards" within a jurisdiction must be
considered as part of a thorough risk assessment and
prioritized on the basis of impact and likelihood of
occurrence
 All four Phases disaster management: mitigation,
preparedness, response, and recovery
 All Impacts or predictable consequences on
infrastructure, human services, and the economy need
to be analyzed, addressed in developing plans and
protocols
 "All Stakeholders" -- Effective disaster management
requires close working relationships among all levels of
government, the private sector, and the general public
 PROGRESSIVE . . .
 Disaster management is progressive and not just
reactive in its orientation and implications
 Disaster managers must understand how to assess
hazards and reduce vulnerability, seek the support of
public officials and support the passage of laws and the
enforcement of ordinances that reduce vulnerability
 Disaster managers anticipate future disasters and take
preventive and preparatory measures to build disaster-
resistant and disaster-resilient communities
 Greater attention be given to prevention and mitigation
activities. Traditionally, emergency managers have
confined their activities to developing disaster
response plans and coordination
 senior policy advisor who oversees a community-wide
program to address all hazards and all phases of the
disaster management cycle
 RISK-DRIVEN . . .
 Disaster managers use sound risk management
principles (hazard identification, risk analysis, and
impact analysis) in assigning priorities and resources
 Mitigation strategies, emergency operations plans,
continuity of operations plans, and pre- and post-
disaster recovery plans should be based upon the
specific risks identified and resources should be
allocated appropriately to address those risks

 An all hazards focus ensures that plans are adaptable

to a variety of disaster types and by addressing the
hazards that pose the greatest risk. The community will
be better prepared for lesser risks as well
 INTEGRATED . . . .
 Disaster managers ensure unity of effort among all
levels of government and all elements of a community
 Unity of effort is dependent on both vertical and
horizontal integration. This means that at the local
level, disaster programs must be integrated with other
activities of government. For example, department
disaster plans must be synchronized with and support
the overall disaster operations plan for the community
 In addition, plans at all levels of local government must
ultimately be integrated with and support the
community's vision and be consistent with its values
 COLLABORATIVE . . .
 Disaster managers create and sustain broad and
sincere relationships among individuals and
organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team
atmosphere, build consensus, and facilitate
communication
 Collaboration must be viewed as an attitude or an
organizational culture that characterizes the degree of
unity and cooperation that exists within a community. In
essence, collaboration creates the environment in which
coordination can function effectively

 In disaster situations, the one factor that is consistently

credited with improving the performance of a community
is the degree to which there is an open and cooperative
relationship among those individuals and agencies
involved
COORDINATED . . .
 Disaster managers synchronize the activities of all
relevant stakeholders to achieve a common purpose

 In developing the strategic plan, the disaster manager

facilitates the identification of agreed upon goals and
then persuades stakeholders to accept responsibility
for specific performance objectives
 FLEXIBLE . . .
 Disaster managers use creative and innovative
approaches in solving disaster challenges
 Flexibility is a key trait of disaster management and
success. Being able to provide alternate solutions to
stakeholders and then having the flexibility to implement
these solutions is a formula for success in disaster
management
PROFESSIONAL . . .
 Disaster managers value a science and knowledge-
based approach based on education, training,
experience, ethical practice and continuous
improvement
 Professionalism pertains not to the personal attributes of
the disaster manager but to a commitment to disaster
management as a profession
IMPACTS OF DISASTER & ITS
MANAGEMENT
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
OF DISASTERS
 DIRECT DAMAGES
Direct damages consist of damage to assets
that occurred right at the time of the actual
disaster.
These Includes:
• The total or partial destruction of physical
infrastructure.
• Buildings & installations.
• Machinery & equipment.
• Means of transportation.
• Storage & furniture.
• Damage to farmland.
• Irrigation works & reservoirs.
In the special case of agriculture, the
destruction of crops ready for harvest must
also be valued and included as direct
 INDIRECT DAMAGES
 This effect refers essentially to the flows of goods and
services.
 These indirect losses result from the direct damage to
production capacity, social & economic infrastructure.
 Expressed in current values that will not be produced or
rendered over the time that begins after the disaster & may
extend throughout the rehabilitation & reconstruction periods.
 The estimate of these effects must be extended throughout
the period required to achieve the partial or total recovery
 Indirect losses also include disaster-induced increases in
current outlays or costs in the provision of essential services.
 Diminished expected income is also included in cases where
these services cannot be provided under normal conditions or
at all
 MANIFESTATIONS OF
INDIRECT DAMAGES
 Losses of future harvests due to flooding or prolonged
droughts.
 Losses in industrial production due to damage to factories
or a resulting shortfall in access to raw materials.
 Greater transportation costs as the need for alternative
routes or means of communication imply longer, more
expensive, poorer-quality options.
 These are indirect losses for the sector in question and will
also be considered as macroeconomic effects when the
main economic aggregates are examined.
 CAUSES OF FAILURE OF
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Cultural & traditional Norms: The socio cultural
Norms of a country/society forbad certain actions,
e.g.
 KPK & FATA adjourned Local community/Tribes
ban Female model billboard, Short Dresses , music
& video CD. Barber shops/beauty parlour etc
 Mistreat Family Planning staff, burn Center/material
 Male medical health worker threatened
 Gender Education, Co Education banned
 Women Participation discouraged
 Practices of Karo-kari (honor killing) in Sindh
Religions Belief
 In Islamic & Muslim Society: strict observation of
Parda, Dance Club ,Casino, bar, Gambling,
Alcoholisms, use of pork
 India (Sati ) widows are voluntarily or forcibly
burned alive with husband, Hindus Respect the
cow as God
 INTRAPERSONAL PHENOMENA

Here are some of the Intrapersonal phenomena

that can help Disaster Managers and health
workers during disasters
Attitudes
Persuasion
Social Cognition
Self-concept
Ethic
 ATTITUDES
 In social psychology, attitudes are defined as learned global
evaluations of a person, object, place, or issue that influence
thought and action.

 Attitudes are formed through the basic process of learning

 Attitudes are basic expressions of approval or disapproval,

likes and dislikes Examples: being against abortion, or
endorsing the values of a particular political party

 Our most treasured attitudes are often based on experiences

we have in life. They may be formed as a result of exposure to
attitude objects; our history of rewards and punishments; the
attitude that our parents, friends, and enemies express; the
social and cultural context in which we live;
 PERSUASION
 Persuasion is an active method of influence that attempts to
guide people toward the adoption of an attitude, idea, or behavior
by rational or emotive means.
 Persuasion relies on "appeals" rather than pressure or
compulsion. Persuasion process is found in five major
variables/categories: who said what to whom and how.
 The Communicator, includes credibility, expertise, trustworthiness
& attractiveness
 The Message, includes varying degrees of reason,
emotions(such as fear), one-sided or two sided arguments etc.
 The Audience, includes a variety of demographics, personality
traits, and preferences
 The Channel, includes the printed word, radio, television, the
internet, or face-to-face interactions
 The Context, includes the environment, group dynamics, pre-
amble to the message
 SOCIAL COGNITION
 Social Cognition is a growing area of social psychology that
studies how people perceive, think about, and remember
information about others.
 The study of how people form beliefs about each other while
interacting is known as interpersonal perception.

 A major research topic in social cognition is attribution. Attributions

are the explanations we make for people's behavior, either our
own behavior or the behavior of others.

 The just-world phenomenon is the tendency to blame victims (a

dispositional attribution) for their suffering. This is believed to be
motivated by people's anxiety that good people, including
themselves, could be victimized in an unjust world

 Finally, the self-serving bias is the tendency to take credit for

successes, and blame others for failure.
 SELF-CONCEPT
 Self-concept is a term referring to the whole sum of beliefs that
people have about themselves. Much research focuses on the
self-concept, which is a person's understanding of his or her
self. Self is a special object of our attention.

 The self-concept is often divided into cognitive component,

known as the self-schema, and an evaluative component, the
self-esteem. The need to maintain a healthy self esteem is
recognized as a central human motivation

 Self-efficacy These are expectations that performance on some

task will be effective and successful. Social psychologists also
study such self-related processes as self control and self-
presentation
 People develop their self-concepts by varied means, including
introspection feedback from others, self-perception, and social
comparison.
 ETHIC
 The goal of social psychology is to understand cognition
and behavior as they naturally occur in a social context, but
the very act of observing people can influence and alter
their behavior

 For this reason, many social psychology experiments utilize

deception to conceal or distort certain aspects of the study.
Deception may include false cover stories, false
participants (known as confederates or stooges), false
feedback given to the participants, and so on.
 WHO NEEDS HELP?
Children
a. Separated from Parents/family
members
b. Medically frail

Older People
a. Frail

Women
a. Separated from family members
b. With little babies
c. pregnant

Disabled
a. Children
b. Older people
c. Women
PSYCHOLOGICAL
IMPACTS OF
DISASTERS
 RELEVANCE OF DM & PSYCHOLOGY
 The psychological consequences of disaster can
manifest immediately or long after the event.

 In the initial weeks after a major disaster/event, many

people experience distress, including anxiety, distressing
memories, sleep disturbance, nightmares, and
restlessness.

 However, over time, most people learn and are able to

psychologically adapt and recover

 In some cases it may increases with time highlighting an

important point in disaster response; a need to cater to
people’s feelings
 EVENTS THAT MAY CAUSE
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS
The last decade has seen a large increase in the
occurrence of both natural and man-made disasters.

Events that May Cause Trauma

 Single shocking events

 Natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes,

floods, volcanoes, etc.
 Technological disasters such as auto and plane
crashes, chemical spills, nuclear failures, etc.

 Criminal violence often involves single blow

traumas such as robbery, rape and homicide, which
not only have a great impact on the victims, but also
on witnesses, loved ones of victims, etc.
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF DISASTER
• Somatization
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Hostility
• Insomnia
• Phobia
• Fear
Somatization: Psychiatric diagnosis applied to
a patient who persistently complaints for varied
physical symptoms that have no identifiable
physical origin.
Depression: It is a state of strong mood
involving sadness, discouragement, despair or
hopelessness.
Anxiety: Root meaning of anxiety is trouble it
creates feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness etc.
Hostility: Short temperedness and blowing out
of proportion without deliberation on stimulus.
Insomnia: difficulty to go to sleep.
Phobia: An irrational / unrealistic fear of a specific
thing despite of awareness and facts.
Fear: A response to physical and emotional
danger created by perception.
Thank You