LOOK AT THIS PICTURE

MAN OR WOMAN CANNOT STAY ALONE TO FORM THE

STABILITY..
SOIL AND TREE MUST JOIN TOGETHER
TO ACHIEVE THE STABILITY
THESE FLOWERS HELD
TOGETHER WITH…?
STABILITY
CHAPTER 5
CHEMICAL
BONDS

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After this lesson, student should be
able to:

• 1. explain the stability of inert gases

• 2. explain the conditions for the
formation of chemical bonds
• 3. state types of chemical bonds
A. Formation of Compounds
• Elements such as noble gases, sulphur,
gold, silver and diamond exists in their free
states.
• All other elements exists in the form of
compound or mineral.
• All noble gases are very stable, inert and
inactive chemically.

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• They exist as monoatomic gases, with
low melting and boiling point, with the
following electron arrangement

• Atom of other elements tend to achieve

the stable electron arrangement through
the formation of chemical bonds.
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• Chemical bonds can be formed by:
– Donating electrons
– Receiving electrons To form Ionic Compunds

– Sharing electrons
To form Covalent Compounds
• Means that :
– During the transfering of electrons, ionic bonds are
formed
– During the sharing of electrons, covalent bonds are
formed

• Noble gases do not receive or donate electron.

Why?
Because….they are very stable in electron
arrangement. They already achieved an octet or
duplet. 9
A closely tied and happy friendship is held together by love ,respect and
understanding.

Similarly ionic compounds consists of ions that held together by

ionic bonding.

Let us explore the nature of these bonds in this chapter

 B. Ionic Bonds
• An atom is neutral because it has an equal
number of protons and electrons.
• An ion forms when an atom donates or accepts
one or more electrons.
• Ionic bonds are formed through the transfer of
electron between atom of metal and non-metal.

Metal atoms donate electrons

Non –metal atoms accept electrons

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 Formation of ions
• An atom that donates electrons forms a positive
ion called cation
• An atom that accepts electrons forms a
negative ion called anion
• Example 1 (cation):

Equation : Li  Li+ + e 12
• Example 2 (cation) :

Al Al3+ + 3e

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• Example 3 (anion) :

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• Example 4 (anion) :

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 Formation of ionic bonds
• Ionic compounds are formed when a metal react with a
non metal.
• During the formation of ionic bonds,
(a) electrons are transfered from a metal to a non-metal
(b) the metal donates its valence electrons to form a cation.
(c) the non-metal receives electrons to form an anion
• The positive and negative ion are held together by strong
electrostatic force between the oppositely-charged ions.
The attractive force between ions is called ionic bond or
electrovalent bond.

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Example : Formation of sodium chloride, NaCl

• A sodium atom (2.8.1) donates an electron to obtain the

noble stability.
• A chlorine atom receives the electron donated by sodium
in order to obtain the octet electron arrangement.

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Example : Formation of sodium chloride, NaCl

1. The electrostatic forces of attraction between the

sodium ion and chloride ion results in the formation of
ionic bonds between the oppositely charged ion, thus
we have :

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Example : Formation of calcium chloride, CaCl2

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Deducing the formulae of ionic
compound

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 DIY
1. Element M forms an ion M3+ which has 13
proton and 14 neutrons.
(a) what is the proton number and nucleon
number of M?
(b) What is the number of electrons in ion M3+ ?
(c) Give the electron arrangement of ion M3+ ?

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 DIY
2. Figure 1 shows the electronic arrangement for
particles S,T,U and V

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 DIY
a) (i) Name the particles which are charged ions
(ii) What are the charges particles T and V have?
b) Which are the neutral particles in figure 1?
c) What is the electron arrangement of particles S?
d) (i) Which two particles can react to produce a
compound?
(ii) What is the formula of the compound formed?
Name the type of bond present in the compound.
(iii) Draw the electronic arrangement for the
compound formed.

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 DIY (Answer)
1. (a) 13 and 27
(b) 10
(c) 2.8
2. (a) (i) Particle T and V
(ii) T has +1 charge
V has -1 charge
(b) Particles S and U
(c) 2
(d) (i) T and V
(ii) TV, ionic bond - +

(iii) T V

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 C. Covalent Bonds
• Covalent bonds are formed when non-metal
atoms share electrons to achieve stable
electron arrangement (octet).
• Types of covalent bonds include single bonds,
double bonds or triple bonds.
• Single covalent bond
– When two atoms share one pair of
electrons, a single covalent bond is formed.

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• Example 1: Chlorine, Cl2 (single bond)

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Example 1:
Chlorine, Cl2 (single bond)
• The Lewis structure shows only the valence
electrons of the atoms involved in the bonding.

Or Cl Cl

Single bond
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• Example 2: Methane, CH4 (single bond)

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• Example 2: Methane, CH4 (single bond)

Single bond

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• Double covalent bond
– When two atoms share two pairs of electrons,
a double covalent bond is formed.
– Example 3: Oxygen, O2 (double bond)

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– Example 3: Oxygen, O2 (double bond)
– Lewis structure:

Double bond

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• Triple covalent bond
• When two atoms share three pairs of electrons,
a triple covalent bond is formed.
• Example: Nitrogen, N2

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• Example: Nitrogen, N2 (triple bond)
• Lewis structure :

Triple bond

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 DIY
1. Atom X with a proton number of 6 and atom Y
with a proton number of 17 combine to form a
covalent compound. Determine the molecular
formula of the compound produced.
2. The proton number of atom J and atom Q are
15 and 17 respectively. Explain the type of
bond and the formula of the compound formed
between J and Q.

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 DIY
• Atom P has seven protons and seven neutrons.
• Atom Q has a proton number of 17.
• Atom R has 18 electrons.
3.
a) Write out the electron arrangements of atoms
P,Q and R.
b) Atom P combines with atom Q to form a
covalent molecule. Give the molecular formula
of the molecule.
c) Can atom Q combine with atom R? Explain
your answer.

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 DIY (answer)
1. Electron arrangement of X = 2.4
X has 4 valence electrons.
Hence, valency of X = 4
Electron arrangement of Y = 2.8.7
Y has 7 valence electrons.
Hence, valency of Y = 1
Thus, the molecular formula of the molecule formed =
XY4

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 DIY (answer)
2. The electron arrangement of atom J is 2.8.5
The electron arrangement of atom Q is 2.8.7.
Both J and Q are non-metals and they will form
a covalent bond.
Atom J requires three electrons and atom Q
requires one more electron to be shared to
achieve
The stable electron arrangement with an octet.
The formula of the compound form is JQ3

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 DIY (answer)
3. (a) Atom P has 7 electrons
Electron arrangement of P = 2.5
Atom Q has 17 electron
Electron arrangement of Q = 2.8.7
Atom R has 18 electrons
Electron arrangement of R = 2.8.8

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 DIY (answer)
3. (b) Atom P has 5 valence electrons.
Hence, the valency of P is 3.
Atom Q has 7 valence electrons.
Hence, the valency of Q is 1.
Molecular formula = PQ3

(c) No, Atom R is Argon gas which is very

stable. Atom R will not form any
chemical bonds with Q or other atoms.

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40
 D. The Properties Of Ionic And
Covalent Compounds.
I. Properties of ionic compounds
1) Ionic compounds are composed of ions arranged in a
giant crystal lattice.
2) The oppositely – charged ions are held together by
strong electrostatic force.
3) Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling
points.
4) Ionic compounds are non volatile solids at room
temperature.
5) In the aqueous solution and molten state , the ions are
free to move to produce an electrical current.
6) In the solid state, the ions are locked in their positions
and cannot move freely.
7) Ionic compounds are found to be soluble in water but
are insoluble in organic solvents. 41
 D. The Properties Of Ionic And
Covalent Compounds.
II. Properties of covalent compounds

1. Covalent compounds are composed of molecules.

2. The molecules in covalent compounds are held together
by weak intermolecular force.
3. Covalent compounds have low melting points and low
boiling points.
4. Covalent compounds exists as volatile liquids at room
temperature.
5. Covalent compounds are insoluble in water but soluble
in organic solvents.
6. Covalent compounds do not have ions therefore cannot
conduct electricity.
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 DIY

Table above shows the melting and boiling points of some substances.

a) Which of substances above is

i) an ionic compound?
ii ) a simple covalent molecule?
iii ) a giant covalent molecule?
b) Which of the substances cannot conduct electricity in the
solid , molten and aqueous states ?
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 DIY (answer)
a) i) Calcium oxide
ii) Ethanol
iii) Graphite

b) Ethanol

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