Chapter-7

Bond Development Length

& Splices
 Lecture Goals
• Slab design reinforcement
• Bar Development
• Hook development
 Flexural Reinforcement in Slabs

For a 1 ft strip of slab is designed like a beam

As(req’d) is in units of (in2/ft)

 12 in 
As / ft  Ab  
 bar spacing in inches 
The table is A-9 from
MacGregor’s book.
 Flexural Reinforcement in Slabs
The minimum spacing of the bars is given as:

3t slab thickness 

S max  smaller of  ACI Sec. 7.6.5
 18 in.

Also, check crack control - important for exterior

exposure (large cover dimensions) - ACI Sec. 10.6.4
 Flexural Reinforcement in Slabs
Maximum & Minimum reinforcement requirements

• Thin slabs shrink more rapidly than deeper beams.

• Temperature & shrinkage (T&S) steel is provided

perpendicular to restrain cracks parallel to span.
(Flexural steel restrains cracks perpendicular to
span)
 Flexural Reinforcement in Slabs
Maximum & Minimum reinforcement requirements
T&S Reinforcement (perpendicular to span) ACI Sec 7.12

As min   0.0020 * 12"* t f y  40 or 50 ksi

 0.0018 * 12"* t f y  60 ksi
 60 
 0.0018 *   * 12"* t f y  60 ksi
f 
 y
 0.0014 * 12 "* t
 Flexural Reinforcement in Slabs
T&S Reinforcement (perpendicular to span) ACI Sec 7.12

 5t
S max  smaller of 
18"

Flexural Reinforcement (parallel to span) ACI Sec 10.54

As min   As min T &S Smax from reinforced spacing

As max   0.75 As bal 
 Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
A. Concept of Bond Stress and Rebar Anchorage

Internal Forces in a beam

Forces developed in the beam
by loading.
Forces in Rebar
Bond stresses provide mechanism
of force transfer between concrete
and reinforcement.
 Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Equilibrium Condition for Rebar

 F  0.  T  Bond Force  0 m = bond stress

 d b2
. f y   d b lb m  0 (coefficient of
4 friction)  k fc
k  f  bar 
f ydb
.  ld 
4m
Note: Bond stress is zero at cracks
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Sources of Bond Transfer

(1) Adhesion between concrete & reinforcement.

(2) Friction
Note: These properties are quickly lost for tension.
 Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Sources of Bond Transfer

(3)Mechanical Interlock.

The edge stress concentration

causes cracking to occur.

Force interaction between the

steel and concrete.
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements

Splitting cracks result in loss of bond transfer.

Reinforcement can be used to restrain these cracks.

Splitting Load is Affected by:

1. Minimum edge distance and spacing of bars
(smaller distance= smaller load)
2. Tensile strength of concrete.
3. Average bond stress along bar.(Increase in bond
stress larger wedging forces)
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements

Typical Splitting Failure

Surfaces.
 Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
General splitting of
concrete along the
bars,either in vertical
planes as in figure (a) or
in horizontal plane as in
figure (b). Such splitting
comes largely from
wedging action when the
ribs of the deformed bar
bear against the concrete.
The horizontal type of splitting frequently begins at a diagonal crack.
The dowel action increases the tendency toward splitting. This
indicates that shear and bond failure are often intricately interrelated.
 Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
B. ACI Code expression for development length for
bars in tension/in compression.

Development Length, ld
Shortest length of bar in which the
bar stress can increase from zero to
the yield strength, fy.
( ld used since bond stresses, m,
vary along a bar in a tension zone)
 Development Length for Bars in Tension
Development length, ld  12” ACI 12.2.1
fc  10000 psi for Ch. 12 provisions for development length in ACI Codes.

Development length, ld (simplified expression from ACI

12.2.2) No. 6 and smaller No. 7 and larger
bars and deformed bars
wires
Clear spacing of bars being developed or
spliced not less than db, clear cover not less
than db, and stirrups or ties throughout ld not ld f y ld f y
less than the code minimum  
or d b 25 f c d b 20 f c
Clear spacing of bars being
developed or spliced not less than 2db and
clear cover not less than db.
ld 3 f y ld 3 f y
Other cases  
d b 50 f c d b 40 f c
 Development Length for Bars in Tension

Development length, ld ACI 12.2.3

ld 3 fy   c  K ct 
 in which    2.5
d b 40 f c  c  K ct   db 
 
 db 

2.5 limit to safeguard against pullout type failure.

 Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
  reinforcement location factor where  < 1.7
Horizontal reinforcement so placed that more than 12 in of fresh concrete
is cast in the member below the development length or splice 1.3
Other reinforcement 1.0
  coating factor (epoxy prevents adhesion &
friction between bar and concrete.)
Epoxy-coated bars or wires with cover less than 3db or clear spacing less
1.5
than 6db
All other epoxy-coated bars or wires 1.2
Uncoated reinforcement 1.0
 Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
g  reinforcement size factor (Reflects more favorable
performance of smaller  bars)
No.6 and smaller bars and deformed wire 0.8
No. 7 and larger bars 1.0
  lightweight aggregate concrete factor (Reflects lower
tensile strength of lightweight concrete, & resulting
reduction in splitting resistance.
When lightweight aggregate concrete is used. 1.3
However, when fct is specified, shall be permitted to be taken as 6.7 f c f ct
1.0
but not less than
When normal weight concrete is used 1.0
 Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
c = spacing or cover dimension, in.
Use the smaller of either
(a) the distance from the center of the bar or wire to
the nearest concrete surface.
or
(b) one-half the center-to-center spacing of the bar or
wires being developed.
 Factors used in expressions for
Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
Kct = transverse reinforcement index (Represents the contribution
of confining reinforcement across potential splitting planes.)
Atr f yt
K tr 
1500 * s * n
Atr = Total cross-section area of all transverse reinforcement within the spacing s,
which crosses the potential plane of splitting along the reinforcement being
developed with in the development length, in2.
fyt = Specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement, psi.
s = maximum center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcement within ld in.
n = number of bars or wires being developed along the plane of splitting.

Note: It is permitted to use Kct =0 as a design simplification

even if transverse reinforcement is present.
 Excess Flexural Reinforcement
Reduction (ACI 12.2.5)
Reduction = (As req’d ) / (As provided )
- Except as required for seismic design (see ACI 21.2.14)
- Good practice to ignore this provision, since use of
structure may change over time.
- final ld 12 in. Mu
M n req'd  
Reduction  
M n provided M n provided
 Development Length for Bars in
Compression (ACI 12.3)
Compression development length ldc = ldbc * applicable
reduction factors 8 in. 
Basic Development Length for Compression, ldbc

 0.02 d b f y

ldbc  larger of  fc
0.0003 d b f y

 Development Length for Bars in
Compression (ACI 12.3)
Reduction Factors (ACI 12.3.3)
- Excessive Reinforcement Factor = (As req’d)/(As provided)
- Spiral and Ties
If reinforcement is enclosed with spiral
reinforcement  0.25 in. diameter and  4 in. pitch or
within No. 4 ties according to 7.10.5 and spaced  4 in.
on center. Factor = 0.75
Note ldc < ld (typically) because
- Beneficial of end bearing is considered
- weakening effect of flexural tension cracks is not
present for bars in compression.
 Hooked Bar at Discontinuous
Ends (ACI 12.5.4)
If side cover and top (or bottom cover)  2.5 in.
Enclose hooked bar w/ ties or stirrup-ties:

Spacing  3db
db = of hooked bar

Note: Multiplier for ties or

stirrups (ACI 12.5.3.3)
is not applicable for
this case.
 Hooked Bar at Discontinuous
Ends (ACI 12.5.4)
Table A-11, A-12, A-13 (Back of textbook) - Basic
Development lengths

Others Mechanical Anchorage ACI (12.6)

Welded Wire Fabric ACI (12.7)
Bundled Bars ACI (12.4)
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements

C. Use of Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage

Hooks provide additional anchorage when

there is insufficient length available to
develop a bar.

Note: Hooks are not allowed to developed

compression reinforcement.
Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar
Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
C. Use of Standard Hooks for Tension Anchorage

Standard Hooks are

defined in ACI 7.1.

Hooks resists tension by

bond stresses on bar
surface and bearing on on
concrete inside the hook.
 Design of Standard Hooks for
Tension Anchorage (ACI 12.5)

Development Length for Hooked Bar, ldb.

ldh  lhd * multiplier s where ldb  8 d b and ldb  6 in .

Basic Development Length for Hooked Bar = lhb

when fy = 60,000 psi
1200d b
lhd 
fc
 Design of Standard Hooks for
Tension Anchorage (ACI 12.5)

Conditions Multiplier
Bar Yield Strength fy /60,000
Bars with fy other than 60,000 psi
Concrete Cover for 180 Degree Hooks
0.7
For No. 11 bars and smaller.
Side cover (normal to plane of hook)  2.5 in.
Concrete Cover for 90 Degree Hooks
For No. 11 bars and smaller.
0.7
Side cover (normal to plane of hook)  2.5 in.
Cover on bar extension beyond hook tail  2 in.
 Design of Standard Hooks for
Tension Anchorage (ACI 12.5)

Conditions Multiplier
Excessive Reinforcement As(req’d) /
Where anchorage or development for fy is not As(provided)
specified required.
Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 1.3
Ties or Stirrups
For No. 11 bar and smaller.
0.8
Hook enclosed vertically or horizontally within ties
or stirrup-ties spaced along full ldh no farther apart
than 3db, where db is diameter of hooked bar.
 Design of Standard Hooks for
Tension Anchorage (ACI 12.5)

Conditions Multiplier
Epoxy-coated Reinforcement
Hooked bars with epoxy coating 1.2
 Example
Example 4
GIVEN: A #5 Grade 40 bar is in tension as shown below. Use LIGHTWEIGHT
concrete with f’c = 4000 PSI.
REQUIRED: Determine the min. required hook dimensions “X”, “Y” and “Z”