CORRELATIONAL

RESEARCH DESIGN
Sarah & Emeral
What is it?
◦ Lodico (2010) said that correlational research is used to measure two or more variables
and examine whether there are relationships among the variables.
◦ McMillan (2012) suggests that a correlation is a measure of the degree of association
(relationship) between two variables and the value of one variable can be predicted
by knowing the value of the other.
◦ Creswell (2012) mentions that Correlational Design provides investigators to explain
relationship among variables and predict outcomes.
◦ Anderson G. (2005) correlational research includes the calculation of a correlation
coefficient to which variables vary in the same way.
The Types

Explanatory Prediction
design design
The Types
Explanatory Design
◦ Two or more variables
◦ A single group without categories
◦ Data are collected at one point in time
◦ At least 2 scores for each individuals in a group
The Types
Prediction Design
◦ There is “prediction” in the title
◦ Predictor Variable: a variable that is used to make a forecast about an
outcome in the correlational study.
◦ Criterion Variable: the outcome being predicted
◦ Forecast future performance
◦ Data are collected from one group of participants to measure
variables representing two different points in time
The Characteristics

the display of
the scores
Scatterplot
the association
between
scores Direction, Form, Strength
Scatterplot
◦ A pictorial
image
displayed on a
graph of two
sets of scores
from one
group of
participant
Direction
◦ Identify the direction of the graph, whether it moves in the same
direction or the opposite direction
◦ It is POSITIVE if they move in the same direction, when X increases,
so does Y, or, alternatively, if X decreases, so does Y
◦ It is NEGATIVE if the move in the opposite direction, when X
increases, Y decreases, and when X decreases, Y increases
Form
◦ Identify the form of the plotted score as linear and nonlinear
◦ If there is a correlation between variables, the form will be
POSITIVE LINEAR or NEGATIVE LINEAR
◦ If there is no correlation, the form will be nonlinear.
◦ Direction
◦ Form
◦ Strength
Strength
◦ The degree of association between two variables or sets of
scores is shown by a correlation coefficient of –1.00 to +1.00, with
0.00 indicating no linear association at all.
◦ The numbers indicate the strength and the + - signs indicate the
direction
◦ The closer the correlation coefficient to +1, the stronger the
positive relationship
The Steps
Identify Select a Identify
variable sample measures

Interpret Analyze Collect

result data data
 Pearson Product Moment
• The r coefficient
• Two Continuous Linear data (Interval & ratio)
• Most stable test with smallest amount of error

Spearman rho
• The ρ coefficient
• Non linear
• Continuous data or rank

Statistical Point-Biserial Correlation

Analysis
• The rpbis coefficient
• One variable is continuous (interval or ratio), the other is
dichotomous (categorical)

Phi Coefficient
• The π coefficient
• Two dichotomous variables

Multiple Regression Analysis

• The Y coefficient
• For Prediction study
 Pearson Product Moment
• Relationship between hours of internet use per week
and depression
Spearman rho
• Relationship between a person’s highest level of

Example of
education and their income
Point-Biserial Correlation
Statistical • Association between males and females on Toefl
scores.
Analysis Phi Coefficient
• Males and females might be correlated with drug
usage (no and yes).
Multiple Regression Analysis
• Does high school class rank predict a college
student’s grade point average in the first semester of
college?
THANK YOU
◦ Suggestion:
◦ KIKI
◦ The difference of the hypothesis
◦ How should we choose the