Lesson: Using Statistical Techniques in

Analyzing
There are many instances in your life when you try to determine
if some characteristics are related with each other. On a higher
level, you also want to measure the degree of their relationship
or association. You usually associate height and weight, budget
and expenses, mental ability and academic performance, sibling
order and attitude, civil status and managerial skills and other
aspects of life which may be related with one another.
 The relationship between variables can be
measured statistically by various correlation
methods.
1. The Scatter Diagram
Plotting graphically the values of the correlated variables means
placing one variable on the x-axis and the other on the y-axis.
The scatter diagram gives you a picture of the relationship
between variables

Example
 Types of Correlation
1. Simple Correlation
This is relationship between two variables. The relationship between an
independent variable and a dependent variable is usually measured.

A. Linear Correlation
This means that a change in one variable is at a constant rate with respect to
the change in the second variable. The correlation between the variable may
either be showing direct or inverse relationship.
1. Direct – for every increase in one variable, there is a corresponding increase
in the second variable.
2. Inverse – for every increase in one variable, there is a corresponding
decrease in the second variable.
B. Curvilinear Correlation
This means that a change in one variable is not at a fixed rate. It
may be increasing or decreasing with respect to the change in
the other variable.
2. Multiple Correlation
Multiple correlation involve more than two variables. The relationship
between a dependent variable and two or more independent variables is
usually measured.
A. Non-linear Correlation
The relationship in non-linear correlation is similar to curvilinear
correlation. However, in this correlation more than two variables are
involved.
B. Joint Correlation
This correlation between the dependent variable and two or more
variables is changed with the addition of another independent variable.
3. Partial Correlation
This is a relative measure of relationship between the dependent
variable and a particular independent variable, without
considering the effect of the other independent variables under
study.
The Coefficient of Correlation
To obtain the quantitative value of the extent of the relationship
between two sets of items, it is necessary to calculate the
correlation coefficient. The value of the coefficient of correlation
ranges between +1 to -1. Zero represents no relationship.
Correlation coefficient between 1 and -1 represents various
degrees of relationship between two variables.