封 面 报 告 名 称

年 月 日
 BF Cast-house Operation/ 高炉炉前操作
• Liquid iron slag produced in the blast furnace (BF) smelting process needs to be tapped regularly. The tasks of BF operation
are opening of slag notch and iron notch with special equipments such as taphole drill, mud gun, tap-hole stopper and etc and
various tools at stated time to discharge slag and iron in slag tank and iron tank respectively via slag runner and iron runner, as
well we reliable plugging of slag notch and iron notch, so as to ensure continuous BF production. In addition, BF operator must
complete maintenance work of slag notch, iron notch and various BF special equipments; fabricate and repair slag skimmer,
main trough, slag runner and iron runner; change cooling equipments such as tuyere, slag notch and etc, as well as other
works related to BF tapping including cleaning of slag-iron conveying line and the like.
• 高炉冶炼过程中产生的液态渣铁需要定期放出。炉前操作的任务就是利用开口机、泥炮、堵渣机等专用设备和
各种工具，按规定的时间分别打开渣、铁口，放出渣、铁，并经渣铁沟分别流入渣、铁罐内，渣铁出完后封堵
渣、铁口，以保证高炉生产的连续进行。炉前工还必须完成渣、铁口和各种炉前专用设备的维护工作；制作和
修补撇渣器、出铁主沟及渣、铁沟；更换风、渣口等冷却设备及清理渣铁运输线等一系列与出渣出铁相关的工
作。
• The performance of BF operation has direct impact on stable and smooth operation and lifetime of BF. Failure of timely BF
tapping of slag and iron will give rise to following adverse effects: worse permeability of hearth pillaring, higher differential
pressure, slower tapping rate, and even accidents such as slip, hanging and tuyere slagging in serious cases.

• 炉前工作的好坏，对高炉的稳定顺行高炉寿命长短都有着直接的影响。如果高炉不能及时出净渣铁，会带来以
下不利影响：影响炉缸料柱的透气性，造成压差升高，下料速度变慢，严重时还会导致崩料、悬料以及风口灌
渣事故。
• Excess deposit of slag and iron in the hearth may cause slag containing iron, burnout of slag notch and even
blast or iron notch out of function.
• 炉缸内积存的渣铁过多，造成渣中带铁，烧坏渣口甚至引起爆炸。引起铁口工作失常。
• Jika slag dan HM yg terdapat pd hearth terlalu banyak maka bs menyebabkan slag yg mengandung iron, dan
bisa membakar slag hole dan bahkan ledakan, menyebabkan HM hole tdk berfungsi.
• Inadequate maintenance of iron notch and excessively shallow iron notch for long period of time may lead to
unsatisfactory BF tapping quality, such BF accidents as torrential flow of molten iron, spillover of iron runner and
the like, burnout of crucible cooling stave endangering safe BF production, and result in even extended staying
maintenance of BF with tremendous loss in serious case.
• 铁口维护不好，铁口长期过浅，不仅高炉不易出好铁，引起跑大流、漫铁道等炉前事故，直至烧坏炉缸冷却壁，危
及高炉的安全生产，有的还会导致高炉长期休风检修，损失惨重。
• Jika Hm hole tdk dipelihara dgn baik dan Hm hole terlalu dangkal dlm wkt lama, maka tdk hanya Bf tdk bs
menghasilkan Hm yg baik tp jg bs menyebabkan mslh lain spt keluarnya Hm dlm jumlah bnyk dan lambat, bisa
membakar cooling stave, membahayakan keamanan produksi bf dan menyebabkan bf di reparasi dlm wkt lama
shingga banyak kerugiannya.
• Therefore, careful BF operation, proper maintenance of slag notch and iron notch as well as timely tapping of iron
and slag reliably ensure enhanced smelting, high output, stable output, high quality, low consumption, safety and
long lifetime of BF.
• 因此，认真搞好炉前工作，维护好渣、铁口，做好出渣出铁工作，按时出净渣铁，是高炉强化冶炼，达到高产、稳
产、优质、低耗、安全和长寿的可靠保证。
• Oleh krn itu bekerja dgn hati2 di cast house, memelihara iron dan slag hole, tepat waktu mengeluarkan slag dan
HM, merupakan hal yg bs memperkuat proses smelting BF, utk mencapai proses produksi BF scr reliable dgn
produk berkualitas baik, stabil, optimal, rendah konsumsi, aman, dan panjang umur.

• Chapter 1 Main Runner, Slag Skimmer, Slag dan Iron Runner Pd Cast House 炉前主沟、撇渣器及渣铁沟
• The tuyere platform and cast house arranged around the hearth for easy BF operations are generally called BF
operation platform.
• 为方便炉前各种操作而在炉缸四周设置的风口平台、出铁场统称为炉前工作平台。 Utk melancarkan berbagai
operasi di bagian depan furnace maka dilengkapi dgn tuyere platform di 4 sisi hearth dan cast house yg disebut
dgn platform kerja cast house
• Tuyere Platform:
• 风口平台：
• The operation platform arranged around the hearth under the tuyere to a level of 1150 ～ 1250mm from
center line of tuyere is called tuyere platform. For easy operations including observation of tuyere condition,
inspection of cooling equipment, replacement of cooling equipments such as tuyere, slag notch and etc,
tuyere platform should be capacious and smooth but with certain slope to allow free drainage. Circular crane
is erected above tuyere platform of heavy-duty BF for lifting of tuyere equipments.
• 在风口下方沿炉缸四周设置的高度距风口中心线 1150 ～ 1250mm 的工作平台，称为风口平台。为便于观察风
口和检查冷却设备以及进行更换风、渣口等冷却设备的操作，风口平台应宽敞平坦，但应留有一定的泄水坡度
。大型高炉的风口平台上方设有环形吊车，以便于起吊风口设备。
• Platform kerja yg dibangun di 4 sisi area hearth di bawah tuyere dgn jarak 1150~1250mm dari garis tengah
tuyere disebut tuyere platform. Utk melancarkan inspeksi tuyere dan pemeriksaan cooling equip serta
menjalankan penggantian tuyere, slag hole dan operasi cooling equip, maka tuyere equip hrs lebar dan
datar, tp hrs pd derajat kemiringan yg tepat utk mengalirkan air. Di atas tuyere platform pd bf skala besar
dipasang circular crane utk memudahkan pengangkatan equip tuyere.
• Cast House:
• 出铁场：
• With expansion of BF capacity, BF with multiple tapholes emerges (3000 ～ 5000m³ BF with 3 ～ 4 tapholes),
and round or rectangular cast house is adopted. The roof of cast house is protected with sunshade to
prevent ingression of rainwater in iron runner and molten iron tank and the incident of blast at the time of
tapping. Moreover, exhaust fan and dust-removing device are installed in the cast house to improve the
working environment. In addition to various types of tapping equipment, main trough and molten iron runner
are set up in the cast house.

• 随着高炉炉容的扩大，出现了有多个出铁口的高炉 (3000 ～ 5000 m3 的高炉有 3 ～ 4 个出铁口 ) ，采用环形或

矩形出铁场。出铁场上空设有天棚，以防止铁沟和铁水罐被雨水侵入，出铁时发生爆炸事故。出铁场还设有排
烟机和除尘装置，以改善劳动环境。出铁场上除设有各种出铁设备外，还铺设有铁水主沟、铁水沟。
• Dgn melebarnya kapasitas bf, maka bermunculan bf dgn banyak tap holes (bf 3000~5000m3 tdp 3~4
tapholes), menggunakan cast house model bundar atau segi 4. di atas cast house dipasang sunshed, utk
menghalangi air hujan masuk ke slag dan HM runner yg bs menybabkan ledakan pd saat HM keluar. Cast
house jg dilengkapi dgn exhaust fan dan deduster utk memperbaiki lingkungan kerja. Selain dilengkapi dgn
berbagai mcm equip pengaliran HM, jg dilengkapi dgn HM main runner dan HM runner.
• Main RUnner
• Main trough is the section of molten iron runner from iron notch mud sheath to slag skimmer, via which
molten iron and slag flow to slag skimmer. Generally, the slope of main trough is 5 ％～ l0 ％ , steep slope is
not preferred, otherwise it will prevent normal separation of slag from iron nuggets. With expansion of BF
capacity, main trough should be lengthened accordingly to meet the requirements for follow and separation
of slag and iron, as listed in Table 3-1.

• 铁水主沟是从铁口泥套外至撇渣器的铁水沟，铁水和下渣都经此流至撇渣器，一般坡度为 5 ％～ l0 ％，坡度不
宜过大，否则会影响渣铁分离。随着高炉炉容的增大，主沟相应加长，以满足渣铁流量和彼此分离的要求，见
表 3-1 。 
• HM main runner adl dari mud shed HM hole sampai HM runner slag skimmer. Hm dan slag melewati slag
skimmer, pd umumnya kemiringannya 5 ％～ l0 ％， kemiringan tdk boleh terlalu besar, jika tdk maka bs
mempengaruhi pemisahan slag dari HM. Bersamaan dgn melebarnya kapa BF, main runner jg semakin
panjang, utk memenuhi flow slag dan HM dan requirement pemisahan slag dan HM. Lihat table 3-1

• Table 3-1 Reference Data on the Length of Main trough for Various Types of BF
• 表 3-1 各种类型高炉主沟长度参考数据 data parameter berbagai jenis panjang main runner BF

BF capacity/m³ 620 1000~1500 2000~2500 4000

Length of main trough /m 10 12 14~16 18
• During HP operation of BF tapping, jetting molten iron spurts out from iron notch and falls on the bottom of
main trough, where it’s damaged at first, thus iron-storage main trough is generally adopted for BF. The
molten iron of a given depth (450 ～ 600 mm) is often stored in main trough, so that jetting molten iron will not
directly strike the bottom of main trough, as shown in Figure 3-1; Another merit of iron-storage main trough is
to avoid destructive effect of quenching and sudden heating, so as to extend the lifetime of main trough.
• 高压操作的高炉出铁时，铁水呈射流状从铁口喷出，落入主沟处的沟底，此处最先损坏，所以大型高炉一般采
用贮铁式主沟，沟内经常贮存一定深度的铁水 (450 ～ 600 mm) ，使铁水流射落时不致直接冲击沟底，见图 3-
1 ，贮铁式主沟的另一个优点是可避免大幅度急冷急热的破坏作用，从而延长了主沟的寿命。
Ketika HM keluar pd operasi bertekanan tinggi, aliran HM akan keluar melalui iron hole, masuk ke dasar main
runner, maka tempat ini yg pertama kali akan mengalami kerusakan, jd bf skala besar pd umumnya
menggunakan main runner dgn model iron-storage. Di dlm runner menyimpan HM dgn kedalaman tertentu
(450 ～ 600 mm), membuat Hm yg baru saja mengalir tdk lgsg mengenai bagian dasar main runner.
Kegunaan lain dari iron storage adl bisa menghindari kerusakan akibat panas/dingin yg mendadak, dgn
demikian bs memperpanjang umur main runner.

Figure 3-1 Schematic Diagram of Jetting Molten Iron Falling from Taphole in Iron-Storage Main Trough 图 3-1 铁
口处的铁水以射流状落人贮铁式主沟的情况示意图 Diagram skema kondisi aliran HM mengalir ke dalam iron
storage main runner

• 1-taphole spout; 2-fall; 3-minimal jet distance; 4-maximal jet distance; 5-length of main trough corresponding
to the volume of molten iron; 6-falling range; 7-jet falling volume; 8-bottom clay lining; α-taphole angle; β-fall
angle
• 铁口孔道； 2- 落差； 3- 最小射流距离； 4- 最大射流距离； 5- 与铁水体积对应的主沟长度； 6- 落入范围； 7-
射流 flow 落入体积； 8- 沟底泥料； α- 铁口角度； β- 落入角度
• With continuously enhanced BF smelting, enlargement of BG capacity, continuous increase of tapping
frequency and higher flow rate of molten iron, requirements are more stringent on the lining material of
runner, and refractory alumina-carborundum-carbon runner blocks fabricated by casting and precast
techniques are adopted.
• 随着高炉冶炼的不断强化和高炉的大型化，出铁次数的不断增加和铁水流速的提高，对沟料的要求愈来愈高，
垫沟料采用氧化铝一碳化硅一炭系列，制作工艺采用浇注型、预制块型。
• Seiring dgn optimalisasi dan perluasan proses smelting di bf, penambahan kontinu brp kali tapping dan
peningkatan kecepatan flow HM, maka requirement thd material runner pun semakin tinggi. Material runner
mnggunakan alumina-carborundum-carbon dgn teknik fabrikasi casting dan pre casting.

• Slag Skimmer/ 撇渣器

• Slag skimmer, also called sand gate, is located at the end of main trough. Slag skimmer is key equipment for
separation of slag and iron during tapping based on different densities. Slag skimmer of heavy-duty BF is
monolithic with main trough.
• 撇渣器又称砂口，它位于出铁主沟末端，是出铁过程中利用渣铁密度的不同而使之分离的关键设备。大型高炉
撇渣器与大沟成为一个整体。 
• Disebut jg sand gate, posisinya di akhir main runner. Adl equipment kritikal yg digunakan utk memisahkan
slag dan iron ketika tapping berdasarkan perbedaan densitas. Pd bf skala besar, slag skimmer dan big
runner menjadi 1 struktur.

• Structure of Slag Skimmer: 撇渣器的构造：

• Structure of Slag Skimmer: 撇渣器的构造：
• Slag skimmer consists of front channel, damper, runway hole, small well, sand embankment, sand sluice
and residual iron taphole. Slag skimmer is in some distance from and some slope to taphole in favor of
slag-iron separation and less washing of iron slag to slag skimmer.
• 撇渣器由前沟槽、大闸、过道眼、小井、砂坝、砂闸和残铁眼组成。撇渣器与铁口有一定距离和倾斜度，以
利于渣铁分离和减少渣铁对撇渣器的冲刷。
• Skimmer tersusun oleh channel, damper, runway hole, small well, sand embankment, sand sluice dan
residual iron taphole. Skimmer dan iron hole mempunyai jarak dan kemiringan tertentu, yg memudahkan
pemisahan HM dan slag dan pengurangan erosi thd skimmer oleh slag dan HM.
• Slag skimmer should be in proper size, large spout will cause poor effect of slag-iron separation and slag
escape, while small spout causes resistance against iron flow and holdback of iron flow, resulting in
flooding of molten iron into slag tank.
• 撇渣器的尺寸要合适，孔道过大，渣铁分离不好，导致撇渣器过渣，孔道过小对铁流阻力大，易发生憋流，
造成铁水流入渣罐的事故。
• Ukuran skimmer hrs sesuai, jika jalan terlalu besar maka pemisahan slag dan HM tdk akan baik, dan slag
akan lolos; lubang jalan terlalu kecil maka resistance flow HM besar, maka bisa menghalangi flow HM,
membuat aliran HM mengalir ke slag ladle.
• Repair of slag skimmer is tremendous workload. To deal with, moveable and replaceable slag skimmer is
developed; dual slag skimmers and water cooled slag skimmer are used in some cases, the purpose is to
minimize repairing time and extend lifetime of slag skimmer.
• 撇渣器的修补工作繁重，所以出现了活动式可整体更换的撇渣器，还有采用双撇渣器和水冷式撇渣器的，其
目的都是为了减少修补时间，延长其使用寿命。
• Reparasi skimmer adl pekerjaan yg berat. Maka digunakanlah slag skimmer yg bisa dipindah dan diganti,
double skimmer dan skimmer dgn water cooling. Tujuannya adl mengurangi waktu reparasi dan
memperpanjang wkt pemakaiannya.
• Slag skimmer is connected to lower slag runner after sand sluice and slag runner after sand embankment
via branch channel. Slag runner is vertical to main trough, with slope not be less than 6 ％ ; Iron
sedimentation pit must be built in slag runner, from where the slag flows over and enters in slag tank or
granulated slag tank.
• 撇渣器砂闸后即连接下渣沟，砂坝后通过支沟与下渣沟连接。下渣沟垂直于出铁主沟，坡度不小于 6 ％，下
渣沟必须设沉铁坑，下渣经此溢流后进入渣罐或去冲水渣。
• The section of molten iron runner after slag skimmer and before molten iron tank or pig casting machine is
branch iron runner is smaller section size. If multiple molten iron tanks area used, diversion gate must be
installed on molten iron runner to allow molten iron flowing in respective molten iron tanks. Tilting molten iron
runner is adopted by most heavy-duty BF. Sway molten iron runner is located under the end of runner spout
of cast house. Molten iron flowing out of the taphole infuses in tilting runner via main trough, slag skimmer,
iron runner and runner spout; when one molten iron tank is fully loaded, molten iron flows into another molten
iron tank by changing the angle of tilting runner. Some tilting runners produced in iron-storage type, the
purpose is to reduce strike of molten iron to tilting spout and extend lifetime of tilting spout, but power
consumption is high, use of tilting runner shortens the length of cast house and molten iron runner, saves
investment and reduces the workload of routine maintenance.
• 撇渣器后至铁水罐或炉前铸铁机的铁水流槽为支铁沟，断面尺寸要小一些。当采用多个铁水罐时，铁水沟上必
须分段安装拨流闸板，使铁水分别流入各铁水罐，大型高炉多采用铁水摆动流槽，它的位置在出铁场铁沟末端
流嘴的下方。从铁口流出的铁水经主沟、撇渣器、铁沟和沟嘴向下注入摆动流槽，当一个铁水罐装满时，即可
通过改变摆动流槽的倾角，使铁水流入另一铁水罐。摆动流槽也有做成贮铁水式的，目的也是为了减少铁水对
摆嘴的冲击，延长其寿命，但动力消耗较大，使用摆动流槽可使出铁场和铁水沟的长度缩短，节约投资，减少
日常维修量。
• Slag skimmer is key equipment for slag-iron separation. Requirements on slag skimmer are no escape of
molten iron from slag runner, and vice versa.
• 撇渣器是使渣铁分离的关键设备，对它的要求是：渣沟不过铁，铁沟不过渣。
• Operating principle of slag skimmer: as slag and molten iron are of different densities, the slag floats on
the surface of molten iron; the taphole of molten iron (Small well) on slag skimmer is at a given height to
maintain certain depth of molten iron before and after the gate; runway hole is connected to front
channel and small well, which only lets molten iron pass through for the purpose of slag-iron separation.
The slag floating on the surface of molten iron is held back by the gate. When certain amount of slag is
accumulated on the surface of molten iron in the runner, it bursts through sand embankment to allow the
slag flowing in slag runner. Thus, appropriate runway hole and runner head height are key to ensure full
slag-iron separation.
• （ 2 ）、撇渣器的工作原理是：利用渣铁密度的不同，使熔渣浮在铁水面上，撇渣器的铁水出口处 ( 小井 )
有一定的高度，使大闸前后保持一定的铁水深度，过道眼连通着前沟槽和小井，仅让铁水通过，达到渣铁
分离的目的。浮在铁水面上的熔渣，被大闸挡住，当前沟槽中的铁水面上积聚了一定量的熔渣后，推开砂
坝使熔渣流入下渣沟内。因此适宜的过眼和沟头高度是确保渣铁完全分离的关键。
• Operation and Precautions of Slag Skimmer
• （ 3 ）、撇渣器的操作及注意事项 include 包括：
• Before taphole drilling, make sure to open slag condensation cover above the surface of molten iron of
slag skimmer (Before and after slag damper) to remove residual solidified iron from both sides of main
trough.
• 钻铁口前必须把撇渣器铁水面上 ( 挡渣板前后 ) 的残渣凝结盖打开，残渣凝铁从主沟两侧清除。
• When small amount of slag is seen during tapping of molten iron, one layer of covering agent may be
spread on the slag surface before the gate to hold the temperature.
• 出铁过程中见少量下渣时，可适当往大闸前的渣面上撒一层覆盖剂保温。
• After the surface of molten iron in main trough is covered by slag and immediately before the slag flooding in
main trough, open sand embankment to allow the slag flowing in slag runner (When slag granulation system
is in standby state) .
• 当主沟中铁水表面被熔渣覆盖后，熔渣将要外溢出主沟时，打开砂坝，使熔渣流入下渣沟 ( 此时冲渣系统处于
待工作状态 ) 。
• Upon completion of casting operation and taphole blocking is sure, open sand sluice and push away residual
slag on the surface of molten iron in slag skimmer with rake.
• 出铁作业结束并确认铁口堵塞后，将砂闸推开，用推耙推出撇渣器内铁水面上剩余的熔渣。
• One layer of covering agent is spread on the surface in slag skimmer of main trough (Inc. the surface of
molten iron in small well) to hold the temperature.
• 主沟撇渣器的表面 ( 包括小井的铁水面 ) 撒覆盖剂进行保温。

• Branch Iron Runner

• 2 支铁沟
• Branch iron runner, also called winding runner, is the section of molten iron runner from after slag skimmer to
the spout of molten iron runner.
• 支铁沟又称弯沟，它是位于撇渣器后至铁水沟流嘴之间的铁水沟。
• In addition, refractory materials such as blast mud, covering agent, coke powder, sand and etc as well as
some necessary tools for BF operation are stored in the cast house. For heavy-duty BF with multiple
tapholes, as enhanced measures such as HP operation, high-grade BF burden and etc are taken, together
with small amount of slag (<350 kg/t), no slag notch is needed in general case.
• 在出铁场上还设有贮备炉前常用的炮泥、覆盖剂、焦粉、河沙等耐火材料和一些必要工具的仓库。对于采用多
个铁口的大型高炉，由于采用高压操作和精料等强化措施，且渣量较少 (<350 kg ／ t) ，一般都不设渣口。
• Chapter 2 Taphole Maintenance and Operation Techniques/ 铁口维护及操作技术
• I. BF Operation Indexes
• 高炉炉前操作指标
• Determination of BF Tapping frequency
• 高炉出铁次数的确定
• Principle for determination of tapping frequency: （ 1 ） In each case, maximal tapping capacity does not
exceed safe tapping capacity of the hearth; (2)sufficient time for tapping preparation; (3)in favor of
smooth BF operation; (4)in favor of taphole maintenance.
• 出铁次数的确定原则：（ 1 ）每次最大出铁量不超过炉缸的安全容铁量； (2) 足够的出铁准备工作时间；
(3) 有利于高炉顺行； (4) 有利于铁口的维护。

• 2. BF Operation Indexes
• 炉前操作指标
• On-time Tapping Rate
• 出铁正点率
• On-time tapping rate refers to opening of taphole on time and full tapping of slag and iron within stated
time. Failure of on-time tapping will result in incomplete tapping of slag and iron, difficult taphole
maintenance, discontinuous BF operation and even conveying and steel-making production, thus high
on-time tapping rate is better.
• 出铁正点是指按时打开铁口并在规定的时间内出净渣铁。不按正点出铁，会使渣铁出不净，铁口难以维护
，影响高炉的顺行，还会影响运输和炼钢生产，所以要求出铁正点率越高越好。
• Pass Rate of Taphole Depth
• 铁口深度合格率
• Pass rate of taphole depth refers to the ratio of pass time of taphole depth and actual tapping
frequency. During production, taphole should maintain normal depth. Change of taphole depth may
cause fluctuation of tapping quantity. Shallow taphole is likely to lead to tapping accident; shallow
taphole for long period of time may result in hearth burnout, while deep taphole slows down tapping
time. Taphole depth varies, depending on BF condition. Pass rate of taphole depth is an important
indicator reflecting the performance of taphole maintenance, and higher pass rate is better.
• 铁口深度合格率是指铁口深度合格次数与实际出铁次数的比值。生产中的铁口应保持正常的深度，铁
口深度的变化会引起出铁量的波动。铁口过浅容易造成出铁事故，长期过浅甚至会导致炉缸烧穿，铁
口过深则延长出铁时间。铁口深度依各高炉具体情况而定，铁口深度合格率是反映铁口维护工作好坏
的一个重要指标，其数值越高越好。
• Difference of Iron Quantity
• 铁量差
• In order to maintain stable molten iron in the lowest level, the difference between actual tapping
quantity of each time and theoretically calculated iron quantity (i.e. difference of iron quantity)
should not be more than l0 ％～ l5 ％ .
• 为了保持最低的铁水液面的稳定，要求每次实际出铁量与理论计算出铁量差值 ( 即铁量差 ) 不大于 l0 ％
～ l5 ％。
• Difference of iron quantity =n*t theoretical value-tactual value
• 铁量差 =n*t 理 -t 实  
• Where:
• n-Number of batches of burden between two tapping operations, batch;
• t theoretical- theoretical tapping quantity of each batch, t;
• t actual-actual tapping quantity of this time, t.
• 式中  n-- 两次出铁间的下料批数，批；
• t 理 -- 每批料的理论出铁量， t ；
• t 实 -- 本次实际出铁量， t 。
• Small difference of iron quantity means normal tapping, which is helpful for smooth BF operation
and taphole maintenance.
• 铁量差小表示出铁正常，这样就有利于高炉的顺行和铁口的维护。
• Full Blast Taphole Stopping Rate
• 全风堵口率
• Taphole stopping should be performed during normal tapping by full blast rather than non-full
blast.
• 正常出铁堵铁口应在全风下进行，不应放风。
• The full blast taphole stopping rate reflects operating condition of taphole; in case of malfunction
of taphole, higher quality of blast mud and strengthened BF operation are required.
• 全风堵口率的高低，反映铁口的工作状况，铁口工作失常，应改善炮泥的质量和加强炉前工作。
• II. Taphole Maintenance and Operation Techniques
• 二、铁口维护及操作技术
• Tapping is key to BF operation, thus, opening of taphole on time, full tapping of slag and iron in
time, proper maintenance of taphole, prevention of various accidents and ensuring normal BF
production are core tasks of tapping operation.
• 出铁是炉前操作的重点，如何严格按规定的时间打开铁口 . 并及时出净渣铁，同时维护好铁口，防
止各种事故发生，确保高炉正常生产是出铁操作的中心任务。
• Configuration and Operating Condition of Taphole
• 出铁口的构造和工作条件
• Overall structure of taphole is shown in Figure 3-1. Taphole consists of taphole framework, cooling
stave, brick lining, and taphole spout and etc. Before starting and baking of BF, mud sheath and mud
drum should be constructed within taphole zone for guiding in blast mud and protection of masonry
in the process of production.
• 出铁口的整体构造如图 3-1 所示。铁口由铁口框架、冷却板、砖套、铁口孔道等组成。开炉烘炉前，
需先在铁口区构筑泥套和泥包，在生产中起导入炮泥和保护砌体的作用。
• Figure 3-1 Schematic Diagram of Overall Structure of Taphole Profile
• 图 3-1 铁口整体结构剖面示意图

• 1- Taphole grout; 2-taphole framework; 3-BF shell; 4-hearth cooling stave; 5-filler; 6-brick lining; 7-
brick wall; 8-taphole protection plate; 8-mud sheath
• 1- 铁口孔道； 2- 铁口框架： 3- 炉皮； 4- 炉缸冷却壁； 5- 填充料； 6- 砖套；    7- 砖墙； 8- 铁
口保护板； 8- 泥套
• Taphole grout; 2-taphole framework; 3-BF shell; 4-hearth cooling stave; 5-filler; 6-brick lining; 7-
brick wall; 8-taphole protection plate; 8-mud sheath
• 1- 铁口孔道； 2- 铁口框架： 3- 炉皮； 4- 炉缸冷却壁； 5- 填充料； 6- 砖套；    7- 砖墙； 8-
铁口保护板； 8- 泥套
• During BF production, large volume of molten iron and slag is tapped from the taphole each day
and night, taphole zone is exposed to destructive effects of high temperature, mechanical wash,
chemical corrosion and the like, and operating condition is very adverse. Thus, after BF operation
for a period of time, the hearth and hearth wall in taphole zone are corroded seriously and
maintained with mud drum and slag skull forced by mud sealing after tapping operation, as
shown in Figure 2-2.
• 高炉生产时，每昼夜必须从铁口放出大量的铁水和炉渣，铁口区受到高温、机械冲刷和化学侵蚀等
一系列的破坏作用，工作条件十分恶劣。所以，高炉生产一段时间后，铁口区的炉底、炉墙都受到
严重的侵蚀，仅靠出铁后堵泥形成的泥包和渣皮来维持，见图 2-2 。
• Once the taphole is opened, high-speed molten iron will flow out of the taphole; first of all, molten iron
and slag in BF hearth has static pressure and subject to the pressure of hot air and valid gravity of
burden; in addition, molten iron and slag in other part of the hearth will quickly supplement; due to the
limitation of taphole spout, under the effect of high pressure in the hearth, large volume of running slag
and iron form “eddy current” before taphole spout, which fiercely scours the mud drum of taphole.
Finally, the inner end of taphole spout is washed to a bellmouth shape. In addition, slag and iron before
the taphole will also “be stirred” from tuyere circulating zone, leading to washing of mud drum of the
taphole bonding on hearth wall. Thus, diameter and length of tuyeres on both sides above the taphole
will cause impact on this “stirring”; for the sake of taphole maintenance, tuyeres on both sides above
the taphole in small diameter and long length are advisable; sometimes, temporary plugging of both
tuyeres is applied to address the problem of shallow taphole.
• 铁口一打开铁水就会以很高的流速从铁口流出来，首先，高炉炉缸内的铁水和熔渣不仅本身具有静压力
，还受到热风压力和炉料的有效重力的作用，。同时，炉缸内其他部位的铁水和熔渣也会迅速来补充。
由于受铁口孔道的限制，在炉内的高压作用下，大量处于运动状态的渣铁在铁口孔道前形成“涡流”，
剧烈地冲刷着铁口的泥包。最后把铁口孔道的里端冲刷成喇叭口状。另外，铁口前的渣铁也会受到风口
循环区的“搅动”，使黏结在炉墙上的铁口泥包产生刷蚀。因此，铁口上方两侧的风口直径、长度都会
对这种“搅动”产生影响，为了利于铁口的维护，铁口上方两侧的风口宜用直径较小的长风口，有时甚
至采取暂时堵住这两个风口来处理铁口过浅的问题。
• During tapping operation, mud drum of taphole and taphole spout are heated by liquid slag and iron to a
very high temperature ( ＞ 1500℃). Due to poor thermal conductivity of taphole mud, major difference
exists between temperature on the surface and inside of taphole spout, leading to inconsistent extent of
thermal expansion and formation of differential temperature stress, together with emission of water
steam from blast mud, mud drum and taphole spout deform and crack, which may cause rupture of mud
drum and shallow taphole in serious case.
• 铁口泥包和铁口孔道，出铁时被液态渣铁加热到很高的温度 ( 达 1500℃ 以上 ) 。由于铁口泥导热性差，使
铁口孔道表面温度与内部有很大的温差，造成热膨胀程度的不一致，因而产生温差应力，加上有水炮泥中
水蒸气的排出，使泥包和孔道产生变形和开裂，严重时使泥包断裂，造成铁口过浅。
• In addition to wash of taphole spout and mud drum by slag and iron, alkaline substances such as CaO
and MgO in the slag will chemically react with SiO2 and Fe2O3 in the mud to produce compound of low
melting point, which will soon erode the mud. This effect is worse in case of slag with higher alkalinity
and better fluidity. Thus, when excess slag flows through, taphole spout will be expanded quickly and
mud drum will shrink; in case of damp taphole, the moisture evaporates suddenly by high temperature
molten iron, which produces high pressure and causes molten iron spilling and worsens taphole
condition.
• 除了渣铁对铁口孔道和泥包进行冲刷外，熔渣中的 CaO 和 MgO 等碱性物质还会与堵泥中的 SiO2 和
Fe2O3 等发生化学反应，产生低熔点的化合物。使堵泥很快被侵蚀。当熔渣碱度高、流动性好时，这种作
用更为严重。所以当炉渣过多时，铁口的孔道会很快扩大，泥包也会缩小，铁口潮时，在铁水的高温作用
下，水分急剧蒸发，产生的巨大压力，会使铁水喷溅，造成铁口状况的恶化。
• Figure 3-2 Taphole Condition after Starting BF Production
• 图 3-2 开炉后生产中铁口的状况 kondisi taphole pd saat produksi stelah BF mulai
• 1- Crucible coke; 2-hearth wall slag skull; 3-used stopping mud; 4-remnant hearth wall brick; 5-
variation of erosion of mud drum by the slag during tapping operation; 6-remnant hearth brick; 7-new
stopping mud
• 炉缸焦炭； 2- 炉墙渣皮； 3- 旧堵泥； 4- 残存的炉墙砖； 5- 出铁时泥包被渣铁侵蚀变化情况； 6- 残存
的炉底砖； 7- 新堵泥

• 2.Taphole Maintenance
• 2 铁口的维护
• Normal taphole depth should be maintained; taphole depth during production refers to the length
between taphole protection plate to the red point (Skull in contact with liquid slag and iron). Base on
taphole structure, normal taphole depth should be slightly more than thickness of hearth lining in
taphole zone. The range of normal taphole depth for BF of various hearth capacities is listed in Table
3-1.
• 保持正常的铁口深度，生产中铁口深度是指从铁口保护板到红点 ( 与液态渣铁接触的硬壳 ) 间的长度。
根据铁口的构造，正常的铁口深度应稍大于铁口区炉衬的厚度。不同炉容的高炉，要求的铁口正常深度
范围见表 3-1
• Table 3-1 Taphole Depth
• BF hearth capacity/m³≤350500~10001000~20002000~4000 ＞ 4000Taphole
depth/m0.7~1.51.5~2.02.0~2.52.5~3.23.0~3.5 表 3-1 铁口深度
• Maintenance of sufficient normal taphole depth facilitates slag and iron liquidity inside BF hearth,
suppresses circumferential erosion of the hearth and protects the hearth. Furthermore, as taphole depth
is deep, the resistance increases along taphole spout, mud drum before taphole is table, so taphole is
unlikely to rupture during taphole drilling. With BF taphole at a given angle, increase of taphole depth and
stable taphole spout are favorable for full tapping of slag and iron as well as facilitating stable and smooth
BF condition.
• 维持正常足够的铁口深度，可促进高炉中心渣铁流动，抑制渣铁对炉底周围的环流侵蚀，起到保护炉底的
效果。同时由于深度较深，铁口通道沿程阻力增加，铁口前泥包稳定，钻铁口时不易断裂。在高炉出铁口
角度一定的条件下，铁口深度增长时，铁口通道稳定，有利于出净渣铁，促进炉况稳定顺行。
• Harms of Shallow Taphole:
• A 铁口过浅的危害：
• Inadequate taphole maintenance may lead to shallow taphole. The harms of shallow taphole are:
• 铁口维护不好，会导致铁口过浅。铁口过浅的危害有：
• In case of shallow taphole and without fixed mud drum for the protection of hearth wall, hearth wall will
gradually become thinner after scouring by slag and iron, which not only causes difficult taphole
maintenance, but also leads to molten iron passing through remnant brick lining and resultant burnout of
cooling stave, and even grievous accidents such as taphole blast or hearth burnout and etc.
• 如果铁口过浅，无固定的泥包保护炉墙，在渣铁的冲刷侵蚀作用下，炉墙越来越薄，不仅使铁口难以维护
，还容易造成铁水穿透残余的砖衬而烧坏冷却壁，甚至发生铁口爆炸或炉缸烧穿等重大恶性事故。
• In case of shallow taphole, “flooding” and “coke flood” are likely to occur during tapping operation, leading to
uneven distribution of gas flow slip, hanging and fluctuation of hearth temperature.
• 铁口过浅，出铁时往往发生“跑大流”和“跑焦炭”事故，高炉被迫减风出铁，造成煤气流分布失常、崩料
slipping 、悬料 hanging 和炉温的波动。
• In case of shallow taphole, slag and iron will not be fully tapped, resulting in excess deposit of slag and iron
inside hearth, which will further worsen permeability of hearth pillaring and prevents smooth operation of
hearth condition, much iron inclusion in floating slag, burnout of slag notch, more difficult operation of slag
tapping, and even blast of slag notch in serious case.
• 铁口过浅，渣铁出不尽，使炉缸内积存过多的渣铁，恶化炉缸料柱的透气性，影响炉况的顺行，同时还造成上
渣带铁多，易烧坏渣口，给放渣操作带来困难，甚至造成渣口爆炸。
• In case of shallow taphole, particularly BF with HP operation, molten iron is likely to wash stopping mud
during extraction of mud gun, leading to backflow of mud into mud gun, burnout of gun nozzle, and even
overflow of slag and iron in iron runner and burnout of iron runner; Sometimes, molten iron may flows out of
taphole by gravity and causes the incident of flooding in iron runner.
• 铁口过浅，特别是高压操作的高炉，往往在退炮时还容易发生铁水冲开堵泥流出，造成泥炮倒灌，烧坏炮头，
甚至发生渣铁漫到铁道上，烧坏铁道的事故。有时铁水也会自动从铁口流出，造成漫铁的事故。
• Operation to Maintain Normal Taphole Depth
• B 保持正常的铁口深度的操作
• In order to maintain normal taphole depth, operation should be carried out as follows:
• 要保持正常的铁口深度，操作时应做到：
• After full tapping of slag and iron in each time, stop the taphole with full blast; One-time full tapping of slag
and iron, timely coordination of slag tank and molten iron tank and proper maintenance of tapping
equipment are required.
• 每次渣铁出净时，全风堵出铁口。要做到按时出净渣铁，必须及时配好渣铁罐，并维护好出铁设备。
• In opening the taphole, correctly control the opening of taphole hole based on taphole depth of the last
tapping operation and variation of hearth temperature to ensure full tapping of slag and iron within stated
time, even bonding of stopping mud on hearth wall in taphole zone to form firm mud drum, so as to protect
hearth wall and maintain normal taphole depth.
• 开铁口时，应根据上次铁的铁口深度及炉温变化，正确控制铁口眼的大小以保证渣铁在规定的时间内出净，
使堵口泥比较均匀地粘在铁口区的炉墙上，从而形成坚固的泥包，保护炉墙和保持铁口的正常深度。
• If full tapping of slag and iron fails, injected stopping mud will be washed away or drifted away by liquid slag
and iron, even the bellmouth in outer end of taphole spout is not made up, except outer end of taphole
spout is sealed, so that taphole becomes more shallow. In case of continuous failure of full tapping of slag
and iron, taphole will become more shallow gradually and be likely to cause accident; full tapping of slag
and iron and taphole stopping with full blast ensure proper maintenance of taphole.
• 如果渣铁未出净，则打入的堵泥会因液态渣铁的冲刷或漂浮而消失，甚至连铁口孔道外端的喇叭口也弥补不
上，只封住了铁口孔道外端，使铁口变浅。渣铁连续出不净时，铁口会越来越浅，极易酿成事故。出净渣铁
和全风堵口是维护好铁口的保证。 Full blast stopping
• Mud load depends on the variation of taphole depth; mud feed is stable with stable taphole depth; more mud
feed will not only cause increase of taphole depth, but also taphole with more damp mud, taphole will
become more shallow in case of tapping without baking; in case of shallow taphole, large mud load for each
time is not recommended; an average of each mud load of 20 ％～ 30 ％ more than normal mud load is
advisable to gradually recover taphole depth; in case of deep taphole depth, reduce mud load as
appropriate, but inadequate mud load is not recommended, which could fail in making up the mud loss of
mud drum of the taphole during tapping operation and cause more shallow taphole; thus, correct control of
mud load ensures maintenance of normal taphole depth. Each mud load of 2500m³ BF is generally of 300
kg, and mud consumption of single mud gun is 0.8k/t.
• 打泥量是根据铁口深度的变化来决定的。铁口深度稳定时，打泥量也应稳定，打泥量过多，不但会加深铁口深
度，还会造成铁口潮泥多，如果不烤干就出铁，会使铁口变浅。当铁口浅时，一次打泥量也不可过多，每次平
均比正常泥量增加 20 ％～ 30 ％，以逐步恢复铁口深度，当铁口过深时，应适当减少泥量，但每次打泥量不可
过少，过少则弥补不了出铁时铁口泥包的损耗，反而使铁口进一步变浅。因此，正确地控制打泥量是维护铁口
深度的保证。 2500 m3 高炉通常每次泥炮打泥量在 300 kg ，炮泥单耗 0.8 k ／ t 。
• Quality of blast mud should meet the production requirement and have favorable plasticity and strong
capacity withstanding ablation and melting erosion by high temperature slag and iron. In preparing blast
mud, accurate mixing ratio, and even mixing, standard grade of particle size and packaging of blast mud in
plastic bag are required.
• 炮泥的质量应满足生产要求，要有良好的塑性及耐高温渣铁磨蚀和熔蚀的能力。炮泥制备时配比准确、混合均
匀、粒度达到标准及采用塑料袋对炮泥进行包装。
• Maintenance of taphole mud sheath should be strengthened.
• 加强铁口泥套的维护。
• Tapping from damp taphole is banned. In case of tapping from damp taphole, moisture in stopping mud
quickly evaporates by high temperature, and high pressure produced not only causes spurting of molten
iron and endangering the operator, but also causes cracking on mud drum of taphole, and even spurting of
damp mud and molten iron from the taphole, leading to severe damage of taphole mud sheath. In this
case, taphole spout rapidly expands and results in “flooding of molten iron” and accident of BF flooding. In
serious case, it will cause grievous accidents, including failure of taphole stopping, burnout of cooling
stave in taphole zone and the like. Thus, careful operation is required, and tapping from damp taphole is
banned.
• 严禁潮铁口出铁。潮铁口出铁时，堵泥中的水分受热后急剧蒸发，产生的高压不但会使铁水喷出危及人身安
全，也会使铁口泥包出现裂纹，甚至会使潮泥连同铁水一起从铁口喷出，使铁口泥套受到严重破坏。此时铁
口孔道的急剧扩大导致“出铁跑大流”，造成炉前漫铁的事故。严重时还会造成铁口堵不上及烧坏铁口区冷
却壁等重大事故。因此，操作要细心，严禁潮铁口出铁。

• 3. Fix Suitable Taphole Angle

• 固定适宜的铁口角度
• Taphole angle refers to the angle between center line of taphole spout and horizontal surface during
tapping operation. In actual production, taphole drill with horizontal guide beam is used to drill taphole;
taphole angle is determined by the initial angle between the drill pipe after putting drill bit in taphole mud
sheath and horizontal surface.
• 铁口角度是指出铁时铁口孔道的中心线与水平面间的夹角。在实际生产中，使用水平导向梁电动开铁口机，
铁口角度的确定是把钻头伸进铁口泥套尚未转动时钻杆与水平面的最初角度。
• Fixing of taphole angle of heavy-duty BF is an important operation. Modern BF is with deep salamander;
taphole is a masonry structure of fireclay built-up bricks; taphole spout is constant; if taphole angle changes,
the brick masonry will be damaged unavoidably; taphole angle should better be fixed, otherwise circumfluent
molten iron in the hearth will worsen the erosion to hearth lining. Modern rotary impact taphole drill with
special structure may produced taphole with basically unchanged angle.
• 大型高炉固定铁口角度操作十分重要，现代高炉死铁层较深，出铁口由一套组合砖砌筑，铁口孔道固定不变，
如铁口角度改变，必然破坏组合砖。铁口角度应相对固定，否则炉缸铁水环流会加重对炉缸砖衬的侵蚀。现代
旋转冲击式开铁口机由于自身的结构特点，出铁口角度基本不变。
• In case of shallow deep salamander when building the BF, with the campaign life of hearth, hearth brick
lining could be eroded to the lowest level when molten iron spills over; in this case, increase of taphole angle
as appropriate is advisable for full tapping of slag and iron and adequate maintenance of taphole. In
generally, taphole angle is increased 1° ～ 2° in each time, variation of taphole angle during campaign life of
this type of BF is listed in Table 3-2 and Table 3-3.
• 如果在建造高炉时死铁层较浅，则随着炉龄的增加，炉底砖衬被侵蚀，最低铁水面下移，在这种情况下可适当
增加铁口角度以出净渣铁和维护好铁口。通常每次增加 1° ～ 2° ，这类高炉一代炉龄铁口角度变化见表 3-2 表
3-3
• Table 3-2 Reference Value of Variation of Taphole Angle for BF Campaign Life
• 表 3-2 高炉一代炉役中铁口角度变化参考值
• Taphole angle should always be fixed to maintain the thickness of salamander, protect the hearth
and fully tap slag and iron. Also, liquid slag and molten iron can be fully poured in the hearth
during stopping the taphole to avoid inclusion of slag and iron in mud drum that could lead to
damage of taphole and difficult taphole drilling.
• 平时铁口角度应固定，以便保持死铁层的厚度，保护炉底和出净渣铁。同时也可使堵铁口时，铁口
孔道内的渣铁水能全部倒回炉缸中，避免渣铁夹入泥包中，引起破坏和给开铁口造成困难。
• Maintain Normal Taphole Diameter
• 2 保持正常的铁口直径
• Change of taphole spout diameter has direct impact on velocity of slag and iron flow; large
diameter may cause excess flow and accidents such as overflow of slag and iron in main trough
(Non-iron-storage main trough) or escape of iron during slag tapping; in addition, earlier
conclusion of tapping procedure causes longer interval of the next tapping and unstable
operating condition of the hearth. Drill bit of taphole drill should be selected by making reference
to Table 2-4.
• 铁口孔道直径变化直接影响到渣铁流速，孔径过大易造成流量过大，引起渣铁溢出主沟 ( 非贮铁式
主沟 ) 或下渣过铁等事故。另外由于过早的结束出铁工序，造成下一次铁的时间间隔延长，也影响
到炉况的稳定。开口机钻头可参考表 2-4 选用。
• Table 3-4 Selection of Drill Bit Diameter of Taphole Drill by Top Pressure and Iron Species
• 表 3-4 顶压、铁种选用开口机钻头直径
• Normal taphole depth of ANSTEEL BF is 1.8 ～ 2.5 m, standard diameter of drill bit is 60mm, inner
diameter of mud gun nozzle (Diameter of mud core) is 150mm. If electric suspension taphole drill is
used and taphole depth is abnormal, especially continuously shallow, taphole diameter must be shrunk
accordingly.
• 鞍钢高炉正常铁口深度为 1.8-5m ，标准钻头直径 60mm ，泥炮嘴内径 ( 泥芯直径 ) 150 mm 。在使用电
动吊挂式开口机情况下，当铁口深度失常时，特别是连续过浅，必须相应缩小铁口直径。

• 5. Regular Repair and Fabrication of Mud sheath

• 定期修补、制作泥套   
• The part of space for accommodating gun nozzle and 250 ～ 300mm from taphole protection plate
within taphole framework packed and compacted with blast mud is called taphole mud sheath. Blast
mud can only be injected into taphole spout when the nozzle of mud gun tightly matches mud sheath.
As mud sheath is scoured repeatedly by high temperature, slag and molten iron, it will lose integrity by
cracking or peeling off in large area, then mud overflows and even taphole stopping fails. Thus, timely
repair and replacement of mud sheath is required to maintain integrated mud sheath.
• 在铁口框架内距铁口保护板 250 ～ 300mm 的空间内，用泥套泥填实压紧的可容纳炮嘴的部分叫铁口泥套
。只有在泥炮的炮嘴和泥套紧密吻合时，才能使炮泥在堵口时能顺利地将泥打入铁口的孔道内。由于泥
套不断受到高温和渣铁水的冲刷侵蚀，很容易发生裂纹或大块脱落而失去其完整性，就会发生冒泥，甚
至堵不上铁口。所以应及时修补和更换泥套，保持其完整性。
• Method for changing mud sheath:
• 更换泥套的方法为：
• In changing used mud sheath, fully remove used mud sheath and residual iron, with depth exceeding
150 ～ 250mm.
• 更换旧泥套时，应将旧泥套泥和残渣铁抠净，深度应大于 150 ～ 250mm 。
• Full compaction of mud sheath is required, and then accurately press 30 ～ 50mm notch with gun
nozzle.
• 填泥套泥时应充分捣实，再用炮头准确地压出 30 ～ 50mm 的深窝。
• After extraction of mud gun, dig a 150mm notch with diameter less than gun nozzle and basically
consistent with taphole angle.
• 退炮后挖出直径小于炮头内径，深 150mm ，与铁口角度基本一致的深窝。
• Bake with gas.
• 用煤气烤干。
• Operation and management of mud sheath include:
• 泥套的使用与管理包括：
• Taphole mud sheath must be maintained in good condition; the depth of mud sheath should be
50 ～ 80mm in taphole protection plate; Any damage of mud sheath should be repaired and
reconstructed immediately.
• 铁口泥套必须保持完好，深度在铁口保护板内 50 ～ 80 mm ，发现损坏立即修补和新做。
• For BF using water blast mud, ramming material mud sheath should be produced once per week;
for BF using water blast mud, ramming material mud should be produced regularly.
• 使用有水炮泥高炉捣打料泥套每周做一次，无水炮泥高炉定期制作。
• During daily operation, mud sheath must be reconstructed after long staying; inspect in detail
whether water leakage or air leakage occurs in taphole zone; whether taphole framework is in
good condition; whether center line of taphole spout is changed.
• 在日常工作中，长期休风时泥套必须重新制作。详细检查铁口区是否有漏水、漏煤气现象；铁口框
是否完好；铁口孔道中心线是否发生变化。
• If mud overflow occurs for two continuous times during taphole stooping operation, taphole mud
sheath should be fabricated again.
• 堵口操作时，连续发生两次铁口跑泥，应重新做铁口泥套。
• If damage of mud sheath is discovered during tapping operation, shut off tuyere to produce low
pressure or stop taphole while staying.
• 如果在出铁中发现泥套损坏，应拉风低压或休风堵铁口。
• During taphole stopping, no solidified slag should be found before taphole; to maintain strong
capacity of gun nozzle withstanding the scouring of slag and iron, gun nozzle may be protected
by protective sleeve and composite gun nozzle is used.
• 堵铁口时，铁口前不得有凝渣。为使泥炮头有较强的抗渣铁冲刷能力，可在炮头处采取加保护套及
使用复合炮头。
• Mud sheath should be fabricated by more than two persons to prevent gas poisoning; fabrication
of mud sheath without full tapping of slag and iron or in case of shallow taphole is banned.
• 制作泥套时应两人以上作业，防止煤气中毒。在渣铁未出净、铁口深度过浅时，禁止制作铁口泥套
。
• The angle of scraper to dismantle used mud sheath should be in consistent angle with mud gun.
• 解体旧泥套使用的切削刮刀角度应和泥炮角度一致。
• In order to ensure fabrication quality of castable mud sheath, mud sheath should be fabricated
during scheduled BF staying as possible.
• 为确保浇注料泥套的制作质量，制作泥套应尽量选择在高炉计划休风时进行。
• 6. Properly Control Safe Slag and Iron Quantity in Hearth
• 控制好炉缸内安全渣铁量
• Molten iron and slag produced by BF deposit in the hearth, if the molten iron and slag are not
tapped timely, when liquid surface gradually rises and approaches slag notch or flushes with the
tuyere, it will not only cause blocking, but also burnout of slag notch or tuyere.
• 高炉内生成的铁水和熔渣积存在炉缸内，如果不及时排出，液面逐渐上升接近渣口或达到风口水平
，不仅会产生炉况不顺，还会造成渣口或风口烧穿事故。
• At present, for 300m3BF with availability coefficient exceeding 3.0 t/( m3·d) in China, control of
slag and iron quantity in hearth should be strengthened. Heavy-duty BF has multiple tapholes,
almost with one active taphole all the time, tapping rate is moderate, liquid level of slag and iron
in the hearth maintains a stable level, thus moderate amount of slag and iron deposit in the
hearth that is relatively safe.
• 当前中国 300m3 高炉，利用系数在 3.0t/3·d 以上，应加强炉内渣铁量控制。大型高炉铁口较多，
几乎经常有一个铁口在出铁，出铁速度不大，炉缸内的渣铁液面趋于某一水平，故炉缸内不易积存
过多的渣铁量，相对比较安全。
• 7. Maintenance of Heavy-duty BF Taphole
• 大型高炉出铁口维护
• Taphole is a key but the weakest link for long lifetime of BF. Thus, full tapping of slag and iron and
adequate maintenance of taphole are critically important, and corresponding measures should be
taken in terms of BF condition.
• 铁口是高炉长寿中的关键一环，又是最薄弱的一环。因此，出净渣铁，维护好铁口，极其重要，依
高炉不同的实际情况采取相应措施。
• Measures for maintenance of taphole are as follows (Take BAOSTEEL taphole as an example):
• 出铁口维护措施如下 ( 以宝钢为例 ) ：
• Taphole depth should be more than 3.3m. With increase of BG output, mud load and taphole
depth should be increased accordingly to reduce scouring of hearth side wall by circumfluent flow
of molten iron, management of BF equipments and BF operation should be strengthened, and
taphole mud sheath should be maintained more frequently. BAOSTEEL 1# BF top pressure is
normally at 0.23 MPa, taphole bricks gradually deflect outwardly during production, thus taphole
brick masonry is changed from Sillimanite bricks to SiNx-bonded silicon carbide bricks, and rib
plates are welded to both sides of taphole to retain the taphole bricks. With above two measures,
taphole bricks are protected from deflection with one more year of lifetime.
• 铁口深度应达 3.3 m 以上。随高炉产量的增加，打泥量增加，提高铁口深度，减少铁水环流对炉缸
侧壁的冲刷，同时加强炉前设备和炉前作业管理，加强铁口泥套维护。宝钢 1 号高炉炉顶压力经常
在 0.23 MPa ，生产中铁口砖逐渐向外突出，故把铁口组合砖由硅线石质改为氮化硅结合的碳化硅
砖，并在铁口两侧焊上筋板，卡住铁口砖。采取上述两项措施后，制止住了铁口砖的突出，铁口砖
寿命延长 1 年以上。
• As gas puff in large volume in taphole zone endangers BF operation safety, it’s difficult to
fabricate mud sheath, mud load is not ensured, major fluctuation of taphole depth, all of which
jeopardize BF lifetime, and thus taphole zone is reinforced by grouting.
• 针对出铁口区域大量冒煤气危及炉前作业安全，做泥套困难，打泥量得不到保证和铁口深度大幅度
波动，危及高炉长寿，在铁口区域灌浆。
• III. Method for Opening of Taphole
• 三、打开出铁口的方法
• Many methods are available for opening of taphole, and reasonable tapping method can be
determined by operating condition of the taphole.
• 打开出铁口方法有多种形式，可根据铁口的工作状态确定合理的出铁方法。
• Time to Open Taphole
• 打开出铁口时间
• Time of BF tapping must be punctual. Tapping frequency varies, depending upon the output and
hearth capacity, but generally of l0 ～ 16 times. For heavy-duty BF with multiple tapholes for
continuous tapping, with improvement in the quality of blast mud, tapping frequency of each
taphole tends to decrease. Time to open taphole involves in following cases:
• 高炉出铁时间必须正点，出铁次数根据产量及炉缸容积而定，一般为 l0 ～ 16 次。在具有多个出铁
口连续出铁的大型高炉上，随炮泥质量的改善，每个铁口出铁次数有减少的趋势。打开铁口时间有
以下情况：
• Stop one taphole of heavy-duty BF after full tapping, and then another taphole should be opened
after a given interval.
• 大型高炉一个出铁口出完铁后堵口，再间隔一段时问，打开另一个出铁口出铁。
• For heavy-duty BF with multiple tapholes for alternate tapping, after stopping of one taphole,
another diagonal taphole should be opened.
• 大型高炉多个出铁口轮流出铁时，即一个铁口堵塞后，马上按对角线原则打开另一个铁口。
• For modern large capacity BF (>4000m³), continuous tapping is adopted in order to ensure full
tapping of slag and iron and stable operating condition of the hearth, that is, open another
taphole while one taphole is not stopped, and the time of tapping by two tapholes overlap. Major
fluctuation of tapping quantity is not recommended; difference of tapping quantity should not
exceed l5 ％ .
• 现代大高炉 (>4000 m3) 为保证渣铁出净及炉况稳定，采用连续出铁，即一个出铁口尚未堵上即打
开另一个铁口，两个铁口有重叠出铁时间。出铁量的波动不宜过大，出铁量相差不应超过 l5 ％。
• 2. Method for Opening of Taphole
• 打开出铁口方法
• Taphole is opened by following method:
• 打开出铁口的方法如下：
• Drill into red heat layer (Red point is seen) with taphole drill, then poke across taphole, if solidified
iron is seen in red heat layer, remove it by gas cutting; this method is used in most cases.
• 用开口机钻到赤热层 ( 出现红点 ) ，然后捅开铁口，赤热层有凝铁时，可用氧气烧开，此法应用较
普遍。
• Make one hole with taphole drill, and then quickly retreat taphole drill to avoid burnout of drill bit
and drill pipe; this method is not recommended, especially when damp mud sticks on the taphole.
• 用开口机将铁口钻漏，然后将开口机迅速退出，以免将钻头和钻杆烧坏。此法不宜提倡，特别是铁
口有潮泥时不能使用。
• Drill to red heat layer by one drill pipe and poke across red heat layer with another drill pipe with
dual-pipe or changeable-pipe taphole drill.
• 采用双杆或换杆的开口机，用一杆钻到赤热层，另一杆将赤热层捅开。
• Embedded steel rod method: retreat the gun 20 ～ 30 min after stopping the taphole, then
penetrate into 2/3 taphole depth with taphole-drill, and then punch one 5m long round steel rod
(>≯40 ～ 50 mm) into the taphole, and then pull out the steel rod while tapping; this method
requires high-quality blast mud and low liquid level of molten iron in the hearth, otherwise round
steel rod may melt and cause accident of slag and iron outflow. This method is generally applied
to heavy-duty BF with taphole-drill with forward and reverse drilling functions.
• 埋置钢棒法。将出铁口堵上后 20 ～ 30 min 拔炮，然后将开口机钻进铁口深度的 2 ／ 3 ，此时将一
个长 5 m 的圆钢棒 (>≯40 ～ 50 mm) 打入铁口内，出铁时用开口机拔出。这种方法要求炮泥质量好
，炉缸铁水液面较低，否则会出现钢棒熔化，渣铁流出事故。此法一般应用于开口机具有正打和逆
打功能的大型高炉上。
• Taphole blasting: in the event of difficult air blast and tapping or hearth freezing after unprepared
long staying of BF, taphole blasting can be performed with one type of special oxygen torch to
fully burn air blast tuyere and taphole zone; insert oxygen torch in the taphole to blow in oxygen,
while air blasting, pull out oxygen torch to tap iron slag in terms of the quantity of molten slag and
iron before taphole, finally to form a local channel between taphole zone and tuyere zone, so as
to quicken recovery time of hearth condition. This method is often applied to treatment of taphole
in case of hearth freezing of BF without slag notch.
• 烧铁口。高炉无准备的长期休风后的送风出铁困难，或炉缸冻结，可采用一种特制的氧枪烧铁口，
事先将送风风口和铁口区域烧通。从铁口插入氧枪吹氧，在送风状态下依铁口前渣铁熔化的数量定
期拔出氧枪排放出渣铁，最终使铁口区域与风口区域形成局部通道，从而加快炉况的恢复时间。此
法常用于无渣口高炉炉缸冻结时出铁口的处理。
• 3. Operation Procedures for taphole is stopped and Retracting Mud Gun
• 堵铁口及拔炮作业程序
• Perform mud blasting before stooping taphole when spurt in seen from taphole; make sure tight
contact of mud piston and stopping mud, taphole mud sheath in good condition, then carry out
taphole stopping operation by following procedures:
• 铁口见喷时进行堵前试炮，确认打泥活塞堵泥接触贴紧，铁口前残渣铁清理干净，铁口泥套完好，
进行堵铁口操作。程序如下：
• Start rotary gun to face toward taphole, and complete gun locking operation;
• 启动转炮对正铁口，并完成锁炮动作。
• Start compression gun to press taphole tightly without flame or slag outflow;
• 启动压炮将铁口压严，做到不喷火、不冒渣。
• Start mud injection mechanism, mud load depends on taphole depth and tapping quantity;
• 启动打泥机构打泥，打泥量多少取决于铁口深度和出铁情况。
• Push away slag in slag skimmer with rake;
• 用推耙推出撇渣器内残渣。
• Time to retract gun after stopping taphole: water mud 5 ～ 10 min ， water free mud 20 ～ 30 min;
• 堵铁口后拔炮时间：有水炮泥 5 ～ 10 min ，无水炮泥 20 ～ 30 min 。
• Observe whether no person is in front of taphole before retracting gun operation;
• 拔炮时要观察铁口正面无人方可作业。
• Retract mud blending piston 200 ～ 300 mm, and then advance 100 ～ 150 mm in normal
condition;
• 抽回打泥活塞 200 ～ 300 mm ，无异常再向前推进 100 ～ 150 mm 。
• Start compression gun, slowly and intermittently retract gun nozzle from tap hole and raise gun
nozzle;
• 启动压炮，缓慢间歇地使炮头从铁口退出抬起。
• Maintain hook on the hearth for 2 ～ 3 min (Or self-locking for 2 ～ 3 min);
• 保持挂钩在炉上 2 ～ 3 min ( 或自锁同样时间 ) 。
• After mud gun is released from the hook, start rotary gun and retract to parking position.
• 泥炮脱钩后，启动转炮退回停放处。
• 4. Tapping Operation
• 出铁操作
• Preparation before Tapping
• 出铁前的准备工作
• Adequate preparation before tapping is the prerequisite to ensure punctual and on-time full
tapping of slag and iron as well as prevent occurrence of various accidents. Preparatory works
are as follows:
• 做好出铁前的准备工作是保证正点和按时出净渣铁，防止各种意外事故发生的先决条件。其准备工
作如下：
• Clear slag runner and iron runner; build sand embankment and sand sluice;
• 清理好渣、铁沟，垒好砂坝和砂闸。
• Inspect whether taphole mud sheath, slag skimmer and slag-iron runner nozzle are in good
condition; make timely repair and baking if any damage is discovered;
• 检查铁口泥套、撇渣器、渣铁流嘴是否完好，发现破损及时修补和烤干。
• Load the mud gun and tightly raise mud injection piston; exercise extra care not to load mud
cylinder with hard mud, sludge and frozen mud;
• 泥炮装好泥并顶紧打泥活塞，装泥时要注意不要把硬泥、太软的泥和冻泥装进泥缸内。
• Trial run of mechanical equipments including taphole drill, mud gun and etc; make immediate
treatment in case of failure of these equipments;
• 开口机、泥炮等机械设备都要进行试运转，有故障应立即处理。
• Inspect whether slag tank and molten iron tank are prepared; inspect whether slag tank and
molten iron tank contain water or damp impurity or other abnormal phenomenon; time contact
and treat with any problem discovered; for instance, during washing of granulated slag, inspect
whether water pressure is normal and open for normal spray;
• 检查渣铁罐是否配好，检查渣铁罐内是否有水或潮湿杂物，有没有其他异常，发现问题及时联系处
理，如冲水渣应检查水压是否正常并打开正常喷水。
• Before drilling taphole, open the cover of solidified slag on the surface of molten iron in slag
skimmer, and ensure free iron flow before and after slag skimmer gate;
• 钻铁口前把撇渣器内铁水表面残渣凝盖打开，保证撇渣器大闸前后的铁流通畅。
• Prepare sand, covering agent, coke powder and like materials as well as related tools necessary
for tapping operation.
• 准备好出铁用的河沙、覆盖剂、焦粉等材料及有关的工具。
• B.Operation of Iron Runner
• B. 铁沟的操作
• Newly built iron runner should be baked thoroughly; clear iron runner after each tapping
operation; repair damaged part of iron runner; before repair, clear all used materials and residual
slag and iron, and then fill with new materials, tamp and bake to stated size.
• 新做的铁沟应彻底烤干，每次出完铁后应清理干净，如有损坏要进行修补，修补时必须把旧料及残
渣铁清理干净，然后填进新料按规定尺寸捣紧烤干。
• C.Precautions on Safe Tapping Operation
• C. 出铁操作安全注意事项
• Precautions in safe tapping operation include:
• 出铁操作安全注意事项包括：
• Wear on working protection clothing to prevent burn.
• 穿戴好劳保用品，以防烧伤。
• During drilling taphole, no person is allowed to stand before taphole; before hammering, inspect
whether hammerhead is firm, and make sure no person is in the reach of hammering locus.
• 开铁口时，铁口前不准站人，打锤时先要检查锤头是否牢固，锤头的轨迹内无人。
• During tapping operation, do not trespass slag runner or iron runner; tool for dealing with molten
iron should be baked in advance.
• 出铁时，不准跨越渣、铁沟，接触铁水的工具要先烤热。
• Electric operation with wet hand is banned.
• 湿手不准操作电器。
• No dry slag is allowed to pour into coining box.
• 干渣不准倒入冲制箱内。
• When loading blast mud, never put the hand into mud loading hole.
• 装炮泥时，手不准伸进装泥孔。
• Do not switch on oxygen cylinder while wearing on oily gloves or smoking; never hold the joint of
hose and oxygen pipe during oxygen cutting to prevent burn by backfire.
• 不准戴油手套开氧气，严禁吸烟，烧氧气时手不可握在胶管和氧气管的接头处，以防回火烧伤。
• D.Velocity of Slag and Molten Iron Flow
• D. 铁水和炉渣的流速
• Maintenance at an appropriate velocity of slag and iron flow has significant impact on full tapping
of slag and iron on time, stable and smooth hearth condition as well as safe washing of
granulated slag. The velocity of slag and iron flow is related to many factors, including taphole
diameter, taphole depth, strength of blast mud (Anticorrosion capacity and anti-melting-erosion
capacity), roughness of inner diameter of taphole, thickness of horizontal surface of molten iron
and slag layers in the hearth, gas pressure inside hearth and the like, as listed in Table 3-5;
taphole diameter has major impact on velocity of slag and iron flow, especially in direct ratio with
blast mud eroded by slag and iron.
• 保持适宜的渣铁流速，对按时出净渣铁、炉况稳定顺行和冲渣安全有重要影响。渣铁流速与铁口直
径、铁口深度、炮泥强度 ( 耐磨蚀与熔蚀的能力 ) 、出铁口内径粗糙度、炉缸铁水和熔渣层水平面
的厚度、炉内的煤气压力等因素有关，见表 3-5 直径影响很大，特别是与渣铁侵蚀掉的炮泥量成正
比。
• Table 3-5 Impact of Various Factors on Tapping Quantity
• 表 3-5 各种因素对出铁量的影响
• Chapter 3 Water Cooling INBA Slag Granulation Syste/ 冷水 INBA 炉渣粒化系统
• Water cooling INBA slag granulation and dewatering system has the functions of quenching,
granulation, dewatering of BF slag and conveying of finished granulated slag to storage area.
Typical arrangement includes granulation pit, dewatering rotary drum and corresponding drive
control device. Slag-water slurry produced in granulation pit is fed in continuously rotary drum for
dewatering; dewatered granulated slag is conveyed by belt conveyer to storage area of finished
granulated slag.
• 冷水 INBA 炉渣粒化和脱水系统将高炉熔渣进行淬冷、粒化、脱水并输送到成品水渣存放区域。典
型布置包括粒化池，脱水转鼓及相应的驱动控制装置。粒化池中产生的渣水混合物进入连续旋转的
转鼓进行脱水，脱水后的水渣通过皮带机输送到成品水渣存放区域。
• Water circulates in various facilities of the system as a water loop.
• 水在系统的不同的设施之间进行循环，成为水回路。
• As shown in general arrangement of INBA system, slag alternately tapped from two tapholes will
be granulated by BF tapping sequence; slag from two tapholes of each BF is granulated in two
granulation pits respectively; finally, granulated slag flow into one rotary for dewatering treatment
by the effect of gravity.
• INBA 系统总布置图将根据高炉出铁顺序把两个出铁口交替放出的熔渣进行粒化，每座高炉两个出
铁口分别对应两套粒化池，熔渣经过粒化后依靠重力最终流入同一转鼓进行处理。
• Slag Granulation Process
• 炉渣粒化工艺
• Slag granulation system quickly quenches (Water quenching) slag with pressurized water,
produces granulated slag and separates slag and water. Granulated slag can be used as
additives for cement production or concrete.
• 炉渣粒化系统是通过压力水对熔渣进行快速冷却（水淬），粒化成水渣，并将渣和水分离。水渣可
用于生产水泥或作为混凝土的添加料。
• Chapter 3 Water Cooling INBA Slag Granulation Syste/ 冷水 INBA 炉渣粒化系统
• Water cooling INBA slag granulation and dewatering system has the functions of quenching,
granulation, dewatering of BF slag and conveying of finished granulated slag to storage area.
Typical arrangement includes granulation pit, dewatering rotary drum and corresponding drive
control device. Slag-water slurry produced in granulation pit is fed in continuously rotary drum for
dewatering; dewatered granulated slag is conveyed by belt conveyer to storage area of finished
granulated slag.
• 冷水 INBA 炉渣粒化和脱水系统将高炉熔渣进行淬冷、粒化、脱水并输送到成品水渣存放区域。典
型布置包括粒化池，脱水转鼓及相应的驱动控制装置。粒化池中产生的渣水混合物进入连续旋转的
转鼓进行脱水，脱水后的水渣通过皮带机输送到成品水渣存放区域。
• Water circulates in various facilities of the system as a water loop.
• 水在系统的不同的设施之间进行循环，成为水回路。
• As shown in general arrangement of INBA system, slag alternately tapped from two tapholes will
be granulated by BF tapping sequence; slag from two tapholes of each BF is granulated in two
granulation pits respectively; finally, granulated slag flow into one rotary for dewatering treatment
by the effect of gravity.
• INBA 系统总布置图将根据高炉出铁顺序把两个出铁口交替放出的熔渣进行粒化，每座高炉两个出
铁口分别对应两套粒化池，熔渣经过粒化后依靠重力最终流入同一转鼓进行处理。
• Slag Granulation Process
• 炉渣粒化工艺
• Slag granulation system quickly quenches (Water quenching) slag with pressurized water,
produces granulated slag and separates slag and water. Granulated slag can be used as
additives for cement production or concrete.
• 炉渣粒化系统是通过压力水对熔渣进行快速冷却（水淬），粒化成水渣，并将渣和水分离。水渣可
用于生产水泥或作为混凝土的添加料。
• The slag after water quenching and granulation flows on the bottom of granulation pit.
• 炉渣经水淬粒化后进入粒化池下部。
• Considering emergency state, each BG slag runner is configured with dry slag pit. In the event of
either of the following cases, the slag will fully be diverted: occurrence of main alarm during
operation; such as incident of power off.
• 考虑到事故状态，高炉每个渣沟均配有干渣坑。在发生下列情况时，渣将被全部分流：如果在运行
过程中，发生主报警。如停电事故。
• Content of main alarm: overloaded rotary drum; underspeed of rotary drum and etc.
• 主报警内容：转鼓过载，转鼓转速太低等。
• INBA Dewatering System
• INBA 脱水系统
• The slag-water slurry effuses from granulation pit flows in dewatering rotary drum via connector
by gravity.
• 从粒化池流出的渣水混合物借助重力，经连接件流进脱水转鼓。
• The dewatering device consists of distributor, buffer tank, dewatering rotary drum, hot water tank
under rotary drum and hood of rotary drum. Belt conveyer partially installed in dewatering rotary
drum conveys slag out of rotary drum. The distributor evenly distributes slag-water slurry along
full length of rotary drum shaft.
• 脱水装置由分配器、缓冲箱、旋转脱水转鼓、转鼓下的热水池及转鼓上的外罩组成。部分安装在脱
水转鼓内的皮带运输机将渣运出转鼓。分配器将渣水混合物均匀分配到转鼓轴向通长上。
• Rotary drum consists of one drum with fine mesh strainer for dewatering of granulated slag. The
interior of rotary drum consists of many cells of slag extracting nets. The slag extracting nets
catch granulated slag from water and unload granulated slag on belt conveyer at about 180° .
• 转鼓由一个筒体组成，其周围装配有细网目滤网，可将水渣脱水。在转鼓内部，分成由提渣网组成
的隔间，提渣网将水渣从水中滤出并在旋转约 180° 后将其卸到皮带机上。
• In the process of slag dewatering, granulated slag naturally forms a layer of slag deposit on the
bottom of rotary drum. The slag deposit will retain and repeatedly granulate most fine slag in the
water; only small amount of fine slag enters in water loop.
• 在炉渣脱水过程中，粒化渣在转鼓底部自然形成渣层。此渣层将滞留循环粒化水体中大部分细渣，
只有少量的细渣进入水回路。
• The feature of INBA system is that all slag washing wastewater flows through dewatering rotary
drum. The merit is that most suspended solids （ Foam wool and slag wool ） will be sieved
from water system.
• INBA 系统的特点是所有冲渣水都通过脱水转鼓。这样的优点是，大部分固体悬浮物（泡沫棉和渣
棉）将从水系统中滤出。
• During operation, rotary drum strainer is cleaned by reverse blowing of compressed air and
reverse washing of pressurized water.
• 在运行过程中用压缩空气反向吹扫和压力水反向清洗转鼓滤网。
• All wear parts of rotary drum are designed for fast removal for easy maintenance. The part of belt
conveyer in rotary drum is retracted by electric winch. Distributor and buffer tank can be taken out
of rotary drum with attached disassembling device for maintenance.
• 脱水转鼓的所有磨损件设计成可快速拆卸式，以便进行维修。转鼓内的皮带运输机用电动绞车缩回
，分配器和缓冲箱可用附带的拆卸装置移出转鼓检修。
• The chain drive mechanism consisting of motor VVVF driver and reducer drives rotation of rotary
drum.
• 电机 VVVF 驱动装置和减速机组成的链式驱动机构使转鼓旋转。
• Rotating speed of rotary drum can be regulated automatically by slag flow （ 0.2~1.2rpm ） .
Transient slag flow is derived from calculation of valid motor torque of motor current.
• 转鼓的旋转速度可根据渣流量自动进行调节（由 0.2 至 1.2 转 / 分）。瞬时渣流量根据电机电流的
有效电机转矩计算得出的。
• The water sieved from dewatering rotary drum is collected in hot water tank under rotary drum
and circulated to cooling tower. Fine slag passing through the strainer settles on the bottom of hot
water tank and pumped by recirculating pump back to granulation pit. In this way, slag content in
circulating water flowing in cooling tower is reduced substantially.
• 脱水转鼓滤出的水收集在转鼓下面的热水池中并循环到冷却塔。通过滤网的细渣沉降在热水池底部
，由再循环泵打回到粒化池。这样大大减少了流入冷却塔的循环水中的渣含量。
• Hot water tank
• 热水池
• The hot water tank is designed with two parts, of which one part is turbid water side connecting to
recirculating pump, and the other part is clean water side connecting to cooling pump.
• 热水池设计为两部分，一为浊水侧，与再循环泵相连，另侧为净水，与冷却泵相连。
• Conveying and Storage of Granulated Slag
• 水渣的运输和贮存
• Granulated slag falls on belt conveyer in the rotary drum. The belt conveyer conveys granulated
slag to stack-yard, where granulated slag is further dewatered.
• 粒化后的水渣通过转鼓的旋转落在其内的皮带机上。皮带机将水渣从转鼓输送到堆场，在此水渣进
一步脱水。
• Cooling Tower
• 冷却塔
• Each INBA granulated slag granulation system is configured with one set of cooling tower.
• 每套 INBA 水渣粒化系统设有一组冷却塔。
• Under the cooling tower there’s a cooling water tank, which collects cooling wastewater. To
minimize sedimentation of fine sand in cooling water tank, tapered bottom rather than flat bottom of
cooling water tank is adopted.
• 在冷却塔下面，有一冷水池，收集冷却后的水。为了减少细砂在冷水池的沉积，冷水池底不应采用
水平底，而采用锥形底。
• Closed-loop Water Loop
• 闭环水回路
• Each INBA granulation system has independent closed-loop water loop.
• 每套 INBA 系统都有独立的闭环水路。
• The closed-loop water loop operate by the variation of slag flow, which is featured by safety,
flexibility, less consumption of electric power and energy saving.
• 闭环水路根据炉渣流量变化工作，优点是安全、灵活、省电节能。
• The process water in whole INBA granulation system only stays in two parts: cooling water tank
under cooling tower and hot water tank under rotary drum.
• 整个 INBA 系统的工艺水仅在两处停留：冷却塔下面的冷水池和转鼓下面的热水池。
• granulation pumps pump water from cooling water tank under cooling tower to granulator in
operation mode of 2 active granulation pumps and 1 backup granulation pump.
• 3 台粒化泵从冷却塔下的冷水池抽水，并输送到粒化头。两台粒化泵运行，第三台粒化泵作为备用。
• Once granulation pumps are started, water level in granulation pool will raise to preset height.
• 一旦粒化泵起动，粒化池水位将上升到预定高度。
• The slag-water slurry flows from granulation pool to dewatering rotary drum via distributor, and
then water filtered by rotary drum strainer flows in hot water tank.
• 渣水混合物从粒化池流经分配器，进入脱水转鼓，然后通过转鼓的滤网滤出的水流进热水池中。
• cooling pumps convey water from clean water side of hot water tank to cooling tower in operation
mode of 2 active granulation pumps and 1 backup granulation pump.
• 冷却泵将热水池净水侧的水输送至冷却塔。冷却泵共三台，两用一备。
• Emergency water supply and security water source are connected. In case of failure of main
power supply or main alarm, granulation process can be conducted in short time, during which
slag is diverted to dry slag pit or taphole is stopped. One spring controlled pneumatic valve (In
case of failure of main power supply, the valve opens) is used to control circulation of emergency
water supply.
• 事故用水与安保水源相连。一旦主电源故障或发生主报警，粒化过程还可在短时间内进行。在这段
时间内，将熔渣分流至干渣坑或者堵铁口。一个弹簧加载的气动阀（一旦主电源故障，阀门打开）
控制事故水循环。
• Due to water residing in the slag and water loss from evaporation, it’ll be supplemented by
makeup water. Makeup water is directly supplied to cooling water tank under cooling tower.
Besides, water is needed for cleaning of dewatering rotary drum strainer (Increase water
pressure with booster pump) and as shaft seal water of pump. Water level in cooling water tank is
controlled by liquid level meter.
• 由于水渣中残留有水分和水蒸发引起的水损，将由补充水进行补偿，补充水直接补充到冷却塔下的
冷水池中。同时要求脱水转鼓滤网清洗用水（可通过增压泵增压）和泵的轴封水。采用液位计控制
冷水池的水位。
• To avoid sedimentation of fine slag in hot water tank, recirculating pump is connected on the
bottom of turbid water side of hot water tank to pump sand containing water back to granulation
pit.
• 为避免热水池中细渣沉积，在热水池浊水侧下方连接再循环泵，将含沙水送回到粒化池里。
• Compressed air loop is set up to blow rotary drum strainer and drive pneumatic 用于 valve.
• 设有压缩空气回路，用于吹扫转鼓滤网，和驱动气动阀。
• Draining pump pumps standing water from pump pit to the drain within the boundary. Draining
pump is needed for emptying of hot water tank or drainage in rainy season.
• 排水泵将泵坑里的积水抽排至厂区排水沟。热水池放空或雨季时要须用排水泵。
• Emergency State
• 事故状态
• Considering emergency state, each BF slag runner is configured with dry slag pit.
• 考虑到事故状态，高炉每个渣沟均配有干渣坑。
• Either of the following cases is regarded as emergency state:
• 在发生如下情况时为事故状态：
• Main alarm during operation
• 如果在运行过程中，发生主报警
• Unexpected power off
• 发生停电事故
• In the above cases, slag is diverted to corresponding dry slag pit.
• 在上述情况下，熔渣分流到各自对应的干渣坑。
• If the requirements on chemical composition, temperature and quality of slag are not met, for
instance, during initial BF production and initial production after downtime, the slag should be
diverted to dry slag pit.
• 当渣的化学成分、温度和质量不符合要求的时候，例如高炉投产初期和停产后在投产初期，熔渣需
导入干渣坑。
• Electric Control System
• 电控系统
• INBA granulation and dewatering system is operated by electric control system.
• INBA 的粒化与脱水系统通过电控系统进行操作。
• Power Supply and Electric Control Cabinet
• 供电和电气控制柜
• In order to operate pump motor, rotary drum driving device, belt conveyer, fan and the like,
corresponding MCC cabinets should be installed. These electric control cabinets should be
installed in electric control room.
• 为了操作泵电机、转鼓驱动装置、皮带运输机、风机等，需安装相应的 MCC 柜。这些电控柜安装
在电气室内。
• Two power supplies should be configured for granulated slag system to ensure safe operation.
• 为安全操作，水渣系统应配置两路电源。
• feeder equipment of pump motor; feeder equipment of dewatering rotary drum driving device,
main motor with converter; feeder equipment of belt conveyer motor and feeder equipment for
winch maintenance; feeder equipment of fan motor; control voltage generating equipment;
instrument voltage generating equipment; PLC, PLC input/output unit; host computer monitoring
equipment; all are empowered by independent safety power supply (USP system).
• 电气配备有：主进线馈电装置；泵电机的馈电装置；脱水转鼓驱动装置的馈电装置，主电机带变频
；皮带运输机电机及检修用绞车的馈电装置；风机电机的馈电装置；控制电压产生装置；仪表电压
产生装置。以及 PLC 、 PLC 的输入 / 输出装置、及上位监控设备将由单独的安全电源（ UPS 系统
）供电。
• Control and Monitoring System
• 控制和监视系统
• Control and monitoring functions of the device are realized by control and monitoring system
based on MCC PLC system.
• 该装置的控制和监视由基于主控室 PLC 系统的控制和监测系统来实现。
• Each system PLC consists of 1 main CPU, D/A I/O card, communication interfaces with various
facilities and accessories. No redundant I/O card components and hot backup CPU are
envisaged.
• 每个系统 PLC 包括 1 个主 CPU 、数字量与模拟量输入 / 输出卡、与不同设施的通讯接口及其附件
组成。不设冗余的输入 / 输出卡件和热备用的 CPU 。
• INBA system control box is installed on the platform of cast house to realize local operation. This
control box includes:
• INBA 系统在出铁场平台上设有控制箱，可实现就地操作。此控制箱包括：
• Selector switches of the system for local and remote automatic control.
• 系统的就地和远程自动控制的选择开关。
• START/STOP buttons of the system:
• 系统的启动和停止按钮：
• Color indicator lamps
• A 彩色指示灯
• RED: slag diversion
• 红：分流渣
• GREEN: slag water treatment
• 绿：可以冲渣
• YELLOW: failure, but stop of the system is not needed
• 黄：有故障，但系统不必停止
• WHITE: ready to start
• 白：可以启动
• Verification Buttons
• B 确认按钮
• EMERGENCY STOP of the system
• 系统紧急停止按钮
• Digital indication (3 digits) of slag flow (t/min)
• 熔渣流量（吨 / 分）的数字显示（ 3 位数）
• Sound alarm
• 声响报警
• Main Structure of Electric Control Equipment
• 电控装置的主要结构
• Field control and automatic control of INBA system are realized by PLC for procedure
automation, monitoring and alarm processing.
• INBA 系统的现场控制和自动控制由 PLC 实现，实现自动程序控制、监控和报警处理。
• Two different operation modes are available:
• 它提供了两种不同操作方式：
• Field (Manual) control: this operation mode is applied to maintenance. Selection of MANUAL and
AUTO operation modes is controlled by selector switch.
• 现场（手动）控制：此操作方式用于维修。手动和自动操作的选择由选择开关控制。
• 2. Automatic control: generally, slag granulation system operates through automatic control. This
system provides full process monitoring of automatic start/stop of equipments and operation
process of equipments (Inc. control of various electric driven devices, electric switches,
instruments and the like).
• 自动控制：炉渣粒化系统通常以自动控制方式运行。该系统提供设备的自动启 / 停及设备操作过程
中的整个装置的监控（包括控制各种电气驱动装置、电气开关、仪表等）。
• Monitoring and Indication System of Slag Granulation System
• 炉渣粒化系统监控和显示系统
• For control and online monitoring of equipments, alarm processing, online tracing of control
circuit and measurements of analog values, monitoring and indication system with CRT, keyboard
and mouse is configured.
• 为了控制和在线监测设备、处理警报、在线跟踪控制回路和测量模拟值，配备有 CRT 、键盘和鼠
标的监控和显示系统。
• 该系统主要功能如下：
• Indication of operating condition of various equipments, including measured value, state and
error information, for the sake of safe operation; list of error and alarm; operation from keyboard;
selection of various indication items; selection of control mode; verification of error information;
and following basic indications:
• 显示各设备，包括测量值、状态和错误信息，以便安全操作；错误及报警清单；借助键盘进行操作
；选择不同的显示；选择控制方式；确认错误信息。并且提供下列基本显示：
• system process; 2. Pump pit; 3. INBA dewatering rotary drum; 4. cooling tower; 5. Various water
loops; 6. Belt conveyer; 7. Electric driving and lubricating system of rotary drum
• 系统流程 2 、泵坑 3 、 INBA 脱水转鼓 3 、冷却塔 4 、各个水回路 5 、皮带运输机 6 、转鼓
电驱动与润滑系统。
• Makeup water is set up for the system, makeup water is used mainly for supplementation of:
• 该系统设立补充水，补充水主要用于弥补：
• Water loss in cooling tower due to evaporation; 2. Water carried away by finished granulated
slag; and 3. Makeup water to cooling water tank.
• 由于在冷却塔中产生蒸汽导致的水损失； 2 、成品水渣带走的水； 3 、向冷水池中补充水。
• As well as water for cleaning of dewatering rotary drum strainer, pump shaft seal water and
emergency water supply.
• 以及设有清理脱水转鼓的过滤网，泵轴密封水，事故水。
• In case of interruption of main power supply of failure of granulating pump, maintain slag water
treatment for 5min with emergency water, during which the slag is diverted to dry slag pit or
taphole is stopped.
• 在主电源断电或粒化泵故障时，用事故水维持冲渣 5 分钟，在此时间内分流到干渣坑或者堵铁口。
• Use of compressed air: during slag water treatment, compressed air is used to drive pneumatic
valve and blow rotary drum strainer.
• 使用压缩空气：冲渣时，压缩空气用来驱动气动阀，吹扫转鼓滤网。
• Ramming Construction of New Slag and Molten Iron Runners
• 新渣铁沟捣制
• General requirements:
• 通用事项：
• At least two persons enter in dangerous gas area and wear on suitable labor protective
clothing.
• 进入煤气危险区域必须两人或两人以上，并按规定穿戴防护用品。
• The operator within gas alert area must wear on gas alarm for gas detection.
• 在煤气警戒区域作业必须佩带煤气报警器，进行煤气检测。
• The operator for overhead operation at over 2m must wear on safety belt.
• 在 2 米以上高处作业必须佩戴安全带。
• Any person is prevented from entering in the operation range and enclosure area above.
• 不准进入上方正在作业的范围和围栏区域内。
• Guardrail must be erected at opening part.
• 开口部位必须安装围栏。
• Any person other than an operator is not allowed access to tuyere zone.
• 无关人员不得进入风口区域。
• Trespass to molten iron runner without cover plate, main trough and/or sand gate is
banned.
• 不能跨越无盖渣铁沟，不能跨越主沟、砂口。
• Any accident must be immediately reported to the head of each shift on duty for united directions.
• 发生意外事故时 , 必须迅速与负责人联系 , 听从统一指挥。
• After each work is done, working field must be cleaned up according to field management
requirements.
• 每做完一项工作 , 必须整理工作现场，符合现场管理要求。
• Safety education is compulsory before operation, so that each operator is familiar with safety
requirements.
• 作业前必须进行安全教育 , 使每个操作者都知道安全要求。
• If any unsafe factor is realized, each operator must be informed of the same and safety measures
be taken.
• 发现不安全的地方必须迅速通知每个操作者 , 并采取安全措施。
• Any operator before leaving must apply the superior for approval.
• 离开自己工作岗位时必须向上级请示。
• Operation in dangerous area should be reported to the superior, and two operators should work
together in dangerous area.
• 在危险区域作业时要向上级报告 , 必须 2 人一起工作。
• The operator should respond with clear gesture or signal during operation.
• 作业时要明确地进行手势或信号应答。
• Operation while smoking is prohibited.
• 不准边抽烟边操作。
• Operation of switch and electric wire with wet hand (Inc. wet gloves) is prohibited.
• 不准湿手（含潮湿手套）操作开关和电线。
• Spot inspection is compulsory before use of tools and apparatus; use of damaged tools and
apparatus is prohibited.
• 工器具使用前必须点检 , 不准使用损坏的工器具。
• The operator must wear on gloves when touching BF metal parts.
• 触及炉前的金属件必须戴手套。
• Fire extinguishers and dangerous articles should be placed in appointed position and used
according to applicable requirements.
• 灭火器及危险品要放在指定地方 , 按规定使用。
• Standing under lifting weight is forbidden.
• 不准站在吊车重物下面。
• Before starting mud gun, taphole drill as well as moving and covering of machine, make sure no
person or barrier is within rotating radius or movement range, and normal operation of alarm
device is verified.
• 启动炮、开口机及揭、移盖机前应确认旋转半径或移动范围内无人及障碍物，并确认报警装置正常
使用。
• Requirements on Tapping Operation:
• 出铁操作的规定：
• Punctual drilling of taphole at stated time, with on-time tapping rate over 86%;
• 2.1 按规定时间正点钻开铁口 , 正点率大于 86% 。
• Stated tapping time: about 70min in general case;
• 出铁时间规定 : 如正常： 70 分钟左右；
• Accurately measure taphole depth: normal taphole depth is 2.4-3.0m; taphole depth <1.5m
should be treated by emergency state;
• 2.3 准确测量铁口深度 , 正常铁口深度为 :2.4-3.0M ；铁口深度 <1.5M 应视作事故状态处理。
• The principle of determination of taphole angle is to ensure full tapping of molten iron; with
extension of furnace life, taphole angle enlarges, but taphole angle should not exceed 14.5°;
Change of angle of taphole drill is determined by BF chief technician; if bigger angle of taphole
drill is necessary in case of unfavorable operating condition of crucible and hearth, it must be
approved by chief engineer.
• 2.4 铁口角度确定的原则是保证铁水能够出净 , 随炉龄的延长 , 角度随之变大 , 但不得超过 14.50
。开口机角度的变动由炉前总技师决定 , 在炉缸、炉底状态不佳时加大开口机角度要征得总工程师
同意。
• Principle for determination of diameter of drill bit of taphole drill: consideration should be given to
decreasing diameter of drill bit with increase of roof pressure as well as molten iron flow within
stated time limit; Principle for selection of diameter of drill bit of taphole drill:φ54-75mm during
normal production and φ75-80mm in case of starting/stopping BF.
• 开口机钻头直径确定的原则 : 既要考虑随着炉顶压力的提高直径逐步变小 , 又要考虑铁流时间在规
定范围内，钻头直径选择范围：正常生产期间： φ54-75mm, 开 / 停炉： φ75-80mm 。
• Full tapping of slag and iron is compulsory. In case of deflected taphole and/or flooding due to
shallow taphole, depressurization operation should be carried out as required for full tapping of
slag and iron.
• 必须出净渣铁。当倒铁口、铁口过浅又跑大流时 , 应视情况降压操作 , 将渣铁出净。
• 3. Spot Inspection before Tapping:
• 出铁前的点检：
• 3.1 Slag tanks and molten iron tanks in sufficient number and correct alignment should be
available before tapping operation. In addition, slag tanks and molten iron tanks should be
verified free from damp residuals and impurities by inspection.
• 3.1 出铁前必须配备足够的渣铁罐 , 并对位准确。检查确认渣罐 , 铁罐内无潮杂物。
• Spot Inspection of Main Trough, Slag Runner and Molten Iron Runner
• 沟点检
• 3.2.1 Spot inspection of sand gate of main trough: crazing and erosion condition and/or water
trace; solidified slag and iron; whether bonding and/or solidification occurs in the part of sand
gate and square well spread with anti-piping compound;
• 3.2.1 主沟砂口点检 : 龟裂、侵蚀情况 , 有无水迹。渣铁凝结情况 , 砂口、方井撒保温剂处是否结
盖 , 凝固。
• 3.2.2 Spot inspection of slag runner and molten iron runner: crazing of slag runner and molten
iron runner; erosion condition of spout and runner end;
• 3.2.2 渣沟铁沟点检 : 龟裂 , 流嘴、沟头的侵蚀情况。
• Spot inspection of taphole mud sheath: mud sheath in good condition, proper depth and free from
water trace.
• 3.3 铁口泥套点检 : 泥套完好 , 深浅合理 , 无水迹。
• Inspection and Verification of Operating Condition of BF Equipments
• 3.4 检查确认炉前设备的运行情况
• 3.4.1 Spot inspection of taphole drill: normal operation during trial run without air leakage, oil
leakage, at normal pressure, no solidified iron on chain, tightened bolts and appropriate diameter
of drill bit;
• 3.4.1 开口机点检 : 试运行正常 , 风﹑油无泄漏 , 压力达标 , 链条无凝铁 , 螺栓紧固，钻头直径合适
。
• 3.4.2 Spot inspection of hydraulic mud gun: normal operation during trial run; hydraulic system
free from internal and external leakage; mechanical operation without abnormal sound; intact gun
nozzle; sufficient mud load and tight raise of piston; with mud flowing from gun nozzle;
• 3.4.2 液压泥炮点检 : 试运行正常 , 液压系统无外漏内泄 , 机械动作无异响 , 炮头完好 , 装泥量充足
并将活塞顶紧 , 见炮头出泥。
• 3.4.3 Spot inspection of INBA: water flow for slag granulation, air flow for cleaning and water flow
for cleaning comply with applicable requirement; rotary drum and belt operate normally;
• 3.4.3 INBA 点检 : 粒化水量 , 清扫空气量及清扫水量达到规定要求 , 转鼓及皮带运行正常。
• 3.4.4 Spot inspection of swinging spout: crazing, erosion and incrusting; normal tilting operation
during trial run;
• 3.4.4 摆动流嘴点检 : 龟裂、侵蚀及结瘤情况 , 试倾动正常。
• 3.4.5 Spot inspection of water slag treatment: water flow for slag granulation and water flow
condensation comply with applicable requirement; no impurities reside in slag sluice and
granulated slag tank.
• 3.4.5 水冲渣点检 : 粒化水量、冷凝水量达到规定要求 , 冲渣沟、冲渣槽内无杂物。
• Trail Run of Taphole Drill:
• 开口机试运行：
• 4.1 Normal operation of alarm device;
• 4.1 报警装置正常。
• 4.2 Start hydraulic oil pump, and oil pressure is normal;
• 4.2 启动液压油泵 , 油压达到规定要求。
• 4.3 Open master compressed air valve, and air pressure is normal;
• 4.3 打开压缩空气总阀 , 气压达到规定要求。
• 4.4 Connect to operation power supply, and no abnormal occurrence such as short circuit and the
like;
• 4.4 送上操作电源 , 无短路等异常情况。
• 4.5 Normal operation of various mechanisms during trial run; mechanical operation without
abnormal sound; hydraulic system free from internal and external leakage; pneumatic system
free from air leakage;
• 4.5 试运行 , 各机构运行正常 , 机械无异响。液压系统无内泄外漏 , 气动系统无泄漏。
• 4.6 Normal blowing;
• 4.6 吹扫正常。
• 4.7 Drill bit of taphole drill is correctly aligned with taphole opening without deflection;
• 4.7 开口机钻头对铁口眼无偏歪。
• 5. Trail run of hydraulic mud gun:
• 液压泥炮试运行：
• 5.1 Normal operation of alarm device;
• 5.1 报警装置正常。
• 5.2 Start hydraulic oil pump, and system oil pressure is normal;
• 5.2 启动液压油泵 , 系统油压达到规定要求。
• 5.3 Normal operation of various mechanisms during trial run; mechanical operation without
abnormal sound; hydraulic system free from internal and external leakage;
• 5.3 试运行 , 各机构运行正常 , 机械无异响 , 液压系统无内泄外漏。
• 5.4 During operation of compression gun to press the taphole, gun nozzle and mud sheath
accurately and tightly match; oil pressure of compression gun is within stated range;
• 5.4 操作压炮压铁口 , 炮头与泥套吻合端正 , 紧密。压炮油压在规定范围内。
• 5.5 Mud gun piston moves forward and backward at normal speed;
• 5.5 泥炮活塞进、退速度正常。
• 开铁口操作：
• 6. Drilling operation:
• 开铁口操作：
• 6.1 Drilling operation:
• Turn on alarm;
• 6.1.1 打开报警器。
• Verify operation levers are at STOP position, then open master compressed air valve; connect to
operation power supply;
• 确认操作杆都在 " 停止 " 位置后 , 打开压缩空气主阀。送上操作电源。
• Tilt and raise operation levers to RAISE position, until skip car bracket is raised to horizontal
position, and then put operation lever to NEUTRAL position;
• 6.1.3 倾动操作杆操作到 " 抬起 " 位置 , 使小车托架抬至水平位置 , 操作杆回 " 中 " 位。
• Put rotary lever to ADVANCE position according to operation signal, so that taphole drill rotates to
taphole drilling position;
• 6.1.4 根据信号将旋转操作杆操作到 " 进旋 " 位置 , 使开口机旋转到开铁口位置。
• Put hook operation lever to HOOK position to complete hooking, and then put operation lever to
STOP position;
• 6.1.5 挂钩操作杆操作到 " 挂钩 " 位置 , 完成挂钩 , 操作杆回 " 停 " 位。
• Put tilting operation lever to DOWN position, so that skip car bracket tilts downward to the lowest
point of drilling position;
• 6.1.6 倾动操作杆操作到 " 下倾 " 位置 , 小车托架向下倾斜到极限至开铁口位置。
• Slowly put advance operation lever to ADVANCE position according to liaison signal; drill bit
aligns the center of taphole and tightly raises taphole hole, put operation lever to STOP position
(Neutral);
• 6.1.7 根据联络信号 , 将前进操作杆缓慢操作到 " 前进 " 位置 , 钻头对准铁口中心 , 顶紧铁口眼 , 操
作杆回 " 停 " 位 ( 中位 ) 。
• Slowly put advance operation lever to ADVANCE position according to liaison signal; then put
clockwise operation lever to CLOCKWISE position, taphole drill advances and skip car moves
forward; watch out advance speed of skip car to prevent bending of drill pipe;
• 6.1.8 根据联络信号 , 将前进操作杆缓慢操作到 " 前进 " 位置 , 同时 , 将 " 正转 " 操作杆操作到 " 正
转 " 位置 , 使开口机边钻进 , 小车边前进。并密切注视小车前进速度 , 防止钻杆顶弯。
• 6.1.8 Timely put vibration operation lever to VIBRATION position based on drilling speed;
• 6.1.8 根据钻铁口进度 , 及时将振打操作杆操作到 " 振打 " 位置。
• Verify whether taphole is drilled through by sparking or spark, or put skip car operation lever to
BACKWARD position according to liaison signal;
• 视铁口飞出的红点或火花 , 确认铁口是否钻到底或根据联络信号 , 小车操作杆操作到 " 后退 " 位置。
• Retreat skip car to the limit, and then put operation lever to STOP position;
• 6.1.11 小车后退到极限 , 操作杆回 " 停 " 位。
• Put drill and vibration operation levers to STOP position;
• 6.1.12 钻机和振打操作杆分别操作到 " 停止 " 位置。
• After drill bit retreating out of taphole, timely put hook (Tilting) operation lever to UNHOOK
position (Raise) position, skip car bracket raises to horizontal position, and then put operation
lever to STOP position;
• 6.1.13 当钻头退出铁口后 , 及时将挂钩 ( 倾动 ) 操作杆操作到 " 脱钩 " （抬起）位置 , 小车托架抬至
水平位置 , 操作杆回 " 停 " 位。
• Turn operation lever to SLEW position, return taphole drill to STOP position, and then put
operation lever to STOP position;
• 6.1.14 旋转操作杆操作到 " 回旋 " 位置 , 开口机转回到停放位置 , 操作杆回 " 停 " 位。
• To change drill pipe, turn taphole drill back to STOP position, retract drill pipe pin after skip car
retreating to extreme position and idling is verified; in striking the pin, take care to prevent injury
by flying pin or bruising by falling drill pipe;
• 6.1.15 若要更换钻杆应将开口机转回到停放位置，小车退到极限位置并确认停机后方可打退钻杆
插销。在打击插销时，应防止插销飞出伤人或钻杆脱落砸伤人。
• 6.1.16Close master compressed air valve; shut off operation power supply;
• 6.1.16 关闭压缩空气主阀。切断操作电源。
• Turn off alarm;
• 关闭报警器。
• Drilling operation by rod insertion method:
• 采取插棒法开铁口的操作：
• 6.2.1Prerequisite for taphole drilling by rod insertion method:
• 6.2.1 采取插棒法开铁口应具备的条件：
• 6.2.1.1Taphole drill has front and reverse vibration functions.
• 6.2.1.1 开口机具备正、反振打功能。
• 6.2.1.2The performance of gun mud is adaptive to operation process of rod insertion method.
• 6.2.1.2 炮泥的性能要与插棒法的操作工艺相适应。
• 6.2.1.3 During retreatment of mud gun and tapping from taphole, molten iron tank and slag tank
should be reserved 1/2 tapping capacity for the next tapping operation (Normal operation of slag
granulating equipments like INBA or water treatment), in addition to correct alignment without
halfway movement to prevent involuntary opening of taphole that could lead to overflow of slag
and iron.
• 6.2.1.3 从拔炮至开铁口出铁之间，应始终有下次铁盛装渣铁量 1/2 的预留铁罐及渣罐（ INBA 或冲
渣等制渣设备运行正常），并对位准确，中途不能移动，防止铁口漏开造成渣铁落地。
• 6.2.2 Retreat mud gun 20min after stopping taphole:
• 6.2.2 堵铁口后过 20 分钟拔炮：
• 6.2.3 After drilling to about 2/3 taphole depth or moisture is observed, retreat taphole drill;
• 6.2.3 将铁口钻至铁口深度的 2/3 左右或见来潮后，退回开口机。
• 6.2.4 Remove drill pipe, put on steel rod of appropriate diameter;
• 6.2.4 卸下钻杆，安上适宜直径的钢棒。
• 6.2.5 Operate taphole drill, strike steel rod into the hole of taphole spout;
• 6.2.5 操作开口机，将钢棒打入铁口孔道口内。
• 6.2.6 Separate taphole drill and steel rod, then retreat taphole drill to STOP position;
• 6.2.6 将开口机与钢棒脱离，然后将开口机退回到停放位置。
• 6.2.7During tapping operation, operate taphole drill to drilling position and connect with steel rod;
• 6.2.7 待出铁时，操作开口机到开铁口的位置，并与钢棒连接。
• 6.2.8 Operate taphole drill to REVERSE and RETREAT positions separately, and taphole drill will
reverse while retreat until pulling out of steel rod, the taphole is opened;
• 6.2.8 分别操作开口机“反打”、“后退”，使开口机边“反打”，边“后退”，直至将钢棒拔出
，铁口即开。
• 6.2.8 If taphole drill in not opened after pulling off steel rod, produce taphole by gas cutting;
• 6.2.8 若钢棒拔出，铁口未开，改用氧气烧开铁口。
• Drilling operation with PW taphole drill:
• 6.3 使用 PW 开口机开铁口操作：
• 6.3.1 Start dry oil pump;
• 6.3.1 启动干油泵；
• 6.3.2 Start taphole selector switch at hydraulic station;
• 6.3.2 启动液压站铁口选择开关；
• 6.3.3 Start 1# selector switch at remote operation room (Centralized control, remote control);
• 6.3.3 启动远距离操作室 1# 选择开关（集中控制，遥控控制）；
• 6.3.4 Start 2# selector switch to directly start drilling operation;
• 6.3.4 启动 2# 选择开关直开铁口操作；
• 6.3.5 Start slewing forward knob to neutral alignment position;
• 6.3.5 启动回转向前旋钮至对中位对中；
• 6.3.6 Start skip car ADVANCE knob;
• 6.3.6 启动小车前进旋钮；
• 6.3.7Start drill bit rotation switch;
• 6.3.7 动钻头旋转开关；
• 6.3.8 Start automatic water connection knob;
• 6.3.8 启动自动水接通旋钮；
• 6.3.8 Start cleaning air connection knob;
• 6.3.8 启动冲洗空气接通旋钮；
• 6.3.10 Start impact hammer connection knob; observe speed advance, set power of impact
hammer, set advance force, rotating torque of drill bit, power feedback of impact hammer, speed
feedback and feedback of advance force, until taphole is opened.
• 6.3.10 启动冲击锤接通旋钮；观察速度给进，冲击锤功率给定，进给力给定，钻头旋转力矩，冲击
锤功率反馈，速度反馈，给进力反馈，直至铁口钻通。
• 6.3.11 Stop impact hammer connection knob;
• 6.3.11 停冲击锤接通旋钮；
• 6.3.12 Stop skip car advancement, turn to skip car retreat to extreme position;
• 6.3.12 停小车前进转小车后退至终位；
• 6.3.13Stop drill pipe rotation switch;
• 6.3.13 停钻杆旋转开关；
• 6.3.14 Start slewing backward to STOP position;
• 6.3.14 启动回转向后至停放位；
• 6.3.15 Stop automatic water connection knob;
• 6.3.15 停自动水接通旋钮；
• 6.3.16 停冲洗空气接通旋钮；
• 6.3.17 Stop 2# selector switch;
• 6.3.17 2# 选择开关
• 7. 开铁口主要设备性能
• 7.Performance of Main Drilling Equipments
• 7 、 1 某厂 DDS 液压泥炮技术性能：
• Technical performance of DDS hydraulic mud gun of a factory:
• No.ItemUnitPerformance1Volume of mud cylinderM30.252Total thrust of pistonKN3080 （ 4BF ：
5010 ， 6BF ： 4010 ） 3Inner diameter of blasting nozzlemm1504Mud blasting
ratemm/s2665Slewing angle°125 ～ 1366Slewing timeS8~13 regulable6Operation oil
pressureMPa25-26
• 序号名称单位性能 1 泥缸容积 M30.252 活塞总推力 KN3080 （ 4BF ： 5010 ， 6BF ： 4010 ） 3 炮
嘴内径 mm1504 吐泥速度 mm/s2665 回转角度度 125 ～ 1366 回转时间 S8~13 可调 6 工作油压
MPa25-26Key Technical Parameters of Cover Mover
• 8 、 2 移盖机主要技术参数
• Model of cover mover: Suspension full hydraulic cover mover
• 移盖机形式：悬挂式全液压移盖机
• No.ItemUnitPerformance1Lifting weight of cover moverT162Maximal lifting weight of cover
moverT~203Lifting height of cover movermm~4824Lifting/dropping rate of cover
moverm/s~0.155Movement stroke of cover movermm~36006Movement rate of cover
moverm/S~0.15
• 序号名称单位性能 1 移盖机提升重量 T162 移盖机最大提升重量 T~203 移盖机提升高度 mm~4824
移盖机提升放下速度 m/s~0.155 移盖机移动行程 mm~36006 移盖机移动速度 m/S~0.15
• Operation of Stopping Taphole with Hydraulic Mud Gun:
• 8 液压泥炮堵铁口操作：
• 8.1 Operation of Stopping Taphole with DDS Hydraulic Mud Gun:
• 8.1DDS 液压泥炮堵铁口操作：
• Turn on alarm;
• 8..1.1 打开报警器。
• 8.1.2 Press “START” oil pump to start two oil pump (GREEN light ON);
• 8.1.2 按油泵“启动”键，启动两台油泵（绿灯亮）。
• 8.1.3 Pull back mud gun operation lever; after small amount of blasting mud flows from nozzle
(Except nozzle is enveloped in mud sheath), put operation lever to NEUTRAL position;
• 8.1.3 泥炮操作杆向后拉，见炮头出泥少许（炮头戴泥套除外）后，操作杆回中位。
• 8.1.4 Turn operation lever to ADVANCE position to rotate gun body toward taphole, until the
nozzle tightly presses mud sheath (Gun tail raises instantly), after pressure meter indicates
25MPa, then put operation lever to NEUTRAL position;
• 8.1.4 旋转操作杆操作到“进旋”位置，炮身向铁口位置旋转，直至炮嘴压紧泥套（炮身尾部瞬间
上扬），压力表指示到 25MPa 后，操作杆回中位。
• 8.1.5 Mud gun with differential device: when gun nozzle is about 1m from mud sheath, push
differential operation lever forward, until the nozzle tightly presses mud sheath, then put
differential operation lever to NEUTRAL position;
• 8.1.5 差动装置泥炮：当炮嘴距离泥套 1m 左右时，差动操作杆同时向前推，直至炮嘴压紧泥套，
差动操作杆回中位。
• 8.1.6 Quickly put mud gun operation lever to FEED position, the piston advances to stop taphole
normally, and closely observe digital indication of mud feeding timer, until set mud feed if finished,
then put differential operation lever to NEUTRAL position;
• 8.1.6 迅速将泥炮操作杆操作到“打泥“位置，活塞前进，堵铁口无异常，注视打泥计时器的数字
显示。直至完成确定的打泥量，操作杆回中位。
• 8.1.7 Inspect and verify normal taphole stopping and oil pressure meter free from leakage; after
several minutes, press STOP oil pump to stop oil pump (GREEN light OFF) ;
• 8.1.7 检查、确认堵口正常、油压表不泄压，数分钟后，按油泵“停止”键，油泵停止（绿灯熄）
• 8.1.8 Turn off alarm;
• 8.1.8 关闭报警器。
• 8.1.9 Spray small amount of water to cool down nozzle, gun body and oil pipe;
• 8.1.9 炮嘴、炮身及油管少许洒水冷却。
• Operation of Retreating Hydraulic Mud Gun:
• 液压泥炮拔炮操作：
• Operation of Retreating DDS Hydraulic Mud Gun:
• DDS 液压泥炮拔炮操作：
• Retreat mud gun 30-40min after stopping taphole;
• 堵铁口 30-40 分钟后，方可拔炮。
• Turn on alarm;
• 打开报警器。
• Press START oil pump to start oil pump (GREEN light ON);
• 按油泵“启动”键，启动油泵（绿灯亮）。
• Slowly put gun operation lever to RETREAT position, maintain for about 1s, and the put operation
lever to NEUTRAL position; wait for several seconds, if no abnormal phenomenon is observed,
repeat above operation for 2-3 times;
• 泥炮操作杆缓慢操作到活塞“后退“位置，停顿 1 秒钟左右，操作杆回中位。等待数秒钟后，见无
异常情况，重复 2-3 次，
• Slowly turn operation lever to RETREAT position, turn oil pressure meter until pointer returns to
ZERO point, then put operation lever to NEUTRAL position;
• 旋转操作杆向“退炮“位置缓慢操作一下，旋转油压表指针回到零，操作杆回中位。
• Turn operation lever to RETREAT position again, until gun nozzles is slightly away from mud
sheath;
• 旋转操作杆向“退炮”位置再次操作一下，使炮嘴稍微离开泥套。
• Wait for several seconds, if no abnormal phenomenon is observed at taphole, turn operation
lever to RETREAT position, gun body slews back to STOP position, then put operation lever to
NEUTRAL position;
• 等待数秒钟后，铁口无异常情况，旋转操作杆操作到“退炮“位置，炮身转回到停放位置，操作杆
回中位。
• Make sure no person is in front of mud gun, put gun operation lever to FEED position, the piston
advances and squeezes out residual mud from mud gun, then put operation lever to NEUTRAL
position;
• 确认泥炮前方无人，将泥炮操作杆操作到“打泥“位置，活塞前进，把泥炮内残泥挤出，操作杆回
中位。
• If solidification is found on the nozzle, first retract piston behind mud loading hole to release
pressure in mud cylinder, then remove solidified mud with steel bar; force squeezing of piston is
prohibited; during operation of removing solidified mud, no person is allowed to stand in front of
gun nozzle;
• 发现炮头结焦，先将活塞退至装泥孔后面，泄去泥缸内的压力，再用钢钎抠掉结焦泥，严禁强行推
活塞挤压。在清除结焦作业过程中，炮嘴前方禁止站人。
• Put gun operation lever to RETREAT position, gun piston will retreat behind mud loading hole;
• 泥炮操作杆操作到“后退“位置，泥炮活塞退至装泥孔后面。
• Press STOP oil pump to stop oil pump (GREEN light OFF), turn off alarm;
• 按油泵“停止”键，油泵停止（绿灯熄），关闭报警器。
• Proceed to gun nozzle cleaning and mud loading operation;
• 进入清洗泥炮炮头及装泥操作。
• Gun Nozzle Clearing and Cleaning Operations:
• 10 抠、洗炮头操作：
• DDS Hydraulic Gun Nozzle Clearing Operation:
• 10.1DDS 液压泥炮抠炮嘴操作：
• The operator stands outside of mud gun, fully removes residual blasting mud with steel bar;
• 操作者站在泥炮外侧，用钢钎抠净鹅颈内炮泥。
• If solidification is found on the nozzle, first retract piston behind mud loading hole to release
pressure in mud cylinder, loosen solidified mud with steel bar, and then clean gun nozzle with
water; force squeezing of piston is prohibited; during operation of removing solidified mud, no
person is allowed to stand in front of gun nozzle;
• 若发现炮头内有结焦现象，先将活塞退至装泥孔后面，泄去泥缸内的压力，再用钢钎将结焦泥抠松
，然后将炮头清洗干净。严禁强行推活塞挤压。在清除结焦作业过程中，炮嘴前方禁止站人。
• If solidification is found in the goose neck, first disassemble gun nozzle, clear solidified mud in
goose neck, and then reassemble clean gun nozzle;
• 若发现鹅颈内有结焦现象，先卸下炮头，抠净鹅颈内结焦泥后，再安装干净炮头。
• Regulate to smaller water flow of cleaning pipe, put it on goose neck to cool down goose neck
and gun nozzle;
• 将清洗水管的水量调小，放置在鹅颈上，冷却鹅颈及炮头。
• Clear residual mud in cleaning pool;
• 将清洗池内的残泥清离现场。
• Mud Loading Operation of Hydraulic Mud Gun:
• 液压泥炮的装泥操作：
• 11.1 Retreat gun piston to extreme position, load blasting mud in mud hole;
• 泥炮活塞退回终位，将炮泥投进装泥孔内。
• 11.2 After mud loading hole is full, start one oil pump, put gun operation lever to FEED position,
the piston advances and tightly presses blasting mud, then put operation lever to NEUTRAL
position;
• 见装泥孔满后，启动一台油泵，泥炮操作杆操作到“打泥“位置，活塞前进，挤紧泥炮炮泥，操作
杆回中位。
• 11.3 Put gun operation lever to RETREAT position, gun piston retreats to end point to repeat mud
loading, until mud cylinder is fully loaded;
• 泥炮操作杆操作到“后退“位置，泥炮活塞退至终点，重复装泥，直至泥缸装满炮泥。
• 11.4 Stop oil pump;
• 停止油泵。
• 11.5 Clean gun body and field;
• 清扫炮身及现场。
• II. Retreat Mud Gun
• 退炮
• Start hydraulic pump;
• 1 启动液压泵；
• 2. Return 1# and 2# selector switches to selection position;
• 1# 、 2# 选择开关回复选择位；
• 3. Start piston retract switch, slightly retreat piston, and then STOP retract switch;
• 启动活塞回退开关，略作回退后停止回退开关；
• 4. Start retreat rotation switch to STOP position;
• 4 启动回退旋转开关至停止位；
• 5. Turn 2# selector switch to mud gun mud filling position;
• 5 选择开关 2# 至泥炮填充位；
• .6. Start piston retract switch to stop at extreme position (Operable from field operation board).
• 6 启动活塞回退开关至极限位停止（现场操作台可作业）；
• III. Fill Blasting Mud
• 3. 填充泥炮
• Start position advance switch until blasting mud is squeezed out from gun nozzle and tightly
presses advance switch;
• 启动活塞前进开关直到炮泥从炮头吐出，压紧停前进开关；
• Turn 2# selector switch to NEUTRAL position;
• 选择开关 2# 回中位；
• Turn 1# selector switch to NEUTRAL position;
• 1# 选择开关回中位；
• Stop hydraulic pump.
• 停液压泵。
• Note: Before start and operation of mud gun, alarm device must be turned on.
• 注：泥炮的启动和运行前必须启动报警装置
• 13.1 Operation of Swinging Spout:/ 摆动流嘴操作：
• 13.1.1 Make sure molten iron tank is aligned, and then connect operation power supply of
swinging spout;
• 确认铁水罐对好位后，送上摆动流嘴操作电源。
• 13.1.2 Operate keyswitch to tilt swinging spout toward molten iron receiving tank;
• 操作按键开关，使摆动流嘴倾向受铁铁罐。
• 13.1.3 Tilt swinging spout to receiving angle (+10°) and ready for receiving molten iron;
• 将摆动流嘴倾至受铁角度（ +10° ），准备受铁水。
• 13.1.4 If molten iron receiving tank is full (To stated redundant level), operate keyswitch to tilt
swinging spout toward molten iron transitional tank, until to receiving angle (+10°);
• 受铁铁罐已满（留出规定高度），操作按键开关使摆动流嘴向过渡罐倾动，直至受铁角度（ -10°
）。
• 13.1.5 Notify the keeper to contact locomotive to align molten iron tank;
• 通知驻在员，联系机车对好铁罐位。
• 13.1.6 After alignment of molten iron receiving tank, operate keyswitch to tilt swinging spout
toward receiving angle again (+10°);
• 受铁罐对好位后，操作按键开关，使摆动流嘴重新回到受铁角度（ +10° ）。
• When tapping in the last molten iron receiving tank, timely notify the keeper to unload the molten
iron tank, and change molten iron receiving tank to molten iron transitional tank, and vice versa;
• 当受铁罐到最后一个铁罐时，及时通知驻在员倒铁罐，变受铁罐为过渡罐，过渡罐为受铁罐。
• 13.1.7 During receiving molten iron and immediately before full loading of molten iron transitional
tank, notify the keeper to contact unloading molten iron tank;
• 在受铁过程中，若过渡罐将要满时，应提前通知驻在员，联系倒铁罐。
• 13.1.8 After tapping operation is completed, tilt swinging spout to at least 36° to empty remnant
molten iron in swinging spout;
• 出铁完毕，操作按键开关，使摆动流嘴倾至 36° ，倒尽摆动流嘴内剩余铁水。
• 13.1.9 Operate keyswitch to stop swinging spout in a horizontal position;
• 操作按键开关，使摆动流嘴至水平位置停放。
• 13.1.10 Shut off operation power supply of swinging spout.
• 切断摆动流嘴操作电源。
• Manual Operation of Swinging Spout:
• 摆动流嘴手动操作：
• 13.2.1 Shut off power and operation power supply of swinging spout;
• 13.2.1 切断摆动流嘴动力及操作电源。
• 13.2.2 Push manual operation board to mesh manual gear;
• 13.2.2 推动手动操作盘，使手动齿轮咬合。
• 13.2.3 Turn manual operation board to electric running direction;
• 13.2.3 按照电动运转方向 , 转动手动操作盘。
• 13.2.4 During manual operation, moderate tilting angle of swinging spout is advisable, as long as
molten iron flow is fully loaded in molten iron tank;
• 13.2.4 手动时，摆动流嘴倾动角度不宜过大，只要铁流能全部进入铁罐内即可。
• 13.2.5 During manual operation, alternate operation by multiple operators is recommended;
• 13.2.5 进行手动操作时 , 应组织多人轮换作业。
• 13.2.6 Before resuming electric operation, pull manual operation board to de-mesh manual gear;
• 13.2.6 恢复电动操作之前，拉动手动操作盘，使手动齿轮脱开。
• Treatment of solidification on swinging spout:
• 摆动流嘴结瘤的处理：
• 13.3.1 Generally, solidification on swinging spout is removed by gas cutting;
• 13.3.1 摆动流嘴结瘤一般采取氧气熔烧的办法。
• 13.3.2 Solidification removal by gas cutting can be performed during tapping operation or after
stopping taphole;
• 13.3.2 烧铁瘤时，既可以在出铁时进行，也可以在堵铁口后进行。
• 13.3.3 During solidification removal by gas cutting, molten iron receiving tank should be placed
under swinging spout;
• 13.3.3 在烧铁瘤时，摆动流嘴下要有受铁水的铁罐。
• 13.3.4 After ignition of oxygen pipe, melt down solidified iron preventing tilting operation of
swinging spout;
• 13.3.4 将氧气管点燃后，熔烧妨碍摆动流嘴倾动的铁瘤。
• During melting down of solidified iron, exercise extra care to (1) prevent burnout of spout tilting
device by high temperature of oxygen flame; and (2) avoid overflow of molten iron resulting in
equipment burn and molten iron spilling on the ground;
• 在烧铁瘤过程中，一要防止氧气直接烧坏摆动流嘴装置；二要避免融化的铁水外溢而造成设备烧损
及铁水落地。
• Emergency operation of Hydraulic Swinging Spout
• 液压摆动溜嘴的应急操作
• 13.4.1 If swinging spout is found be inactive, immediately prepare to stop taphole; is small molten
iron is received by small tank, immediate stopping taphole is required;
• 13.4.1 发现摆嘴无动作，立即作堵口准备，小罐子受铁应立即堵口。
• 13.4.2 Make sure either electric trip or button failure occurs;
• 13.4.2 确认是跳电还是压扣故障。
• 13.4.3 In case of electric trip, reconnect to power supply or connect to another power supply and
skip PLC operation;
• 13.4.3 如跳电，送电或启动另一路电源，脱开 PLC 工作。
• 13.4.4. If power supply is normal, operate emergency switch on operation box;
• 若有电，用操作箱上的应急开关操作。
• If swinging spout is still inactive, inspect whether oil cylinder leaks; if one oil cylinder
leaks, operate another oil cylinder and skip leaking oil cylinder; if time for judgment is
long and oil cylinder is full, immediately stop the taphole;
• 仍不能动作，检查是否油缸漏油，如一个缸漏油，可选单缸工作，脱开漏油缸，如判断
时间长、缸满，应立即堵口。
• 13.4.5 If swinging spout is still fails, raise valve stand at hydraulic station; raise two
valves at the same time, but watch out cylinder position to prevent raising to wrong
direction;
• 若仍不能工作，可顶液压站阀台，两阀同时顶，但要注意缸位，防止顶错方向。
• INBA Operation:
• INBA 操作：
• INBA Shift Takeover:
• INBA 接班：
• Corresponding shift handover and takeover on duty, relief shift takeover record;
• 在岗位上对口交接班，查看交班记录。
• Listen to INBA operating condition, part of equipment failure, and treatment of failure
and safety precautions presented by operator of the last shift;
• 听取上班岗位人员介绍当班期间 INBA 运行情况，设备故障部位及原因，处理情况及安
全注意事项。
• 14.1.3Inspect with the handing over operator taphole drill, drill pipe, end of slag runner, inside of
slag runner, slope runner, dry slag runner, granulator, receiving tower grates, INBA rotary drum
head, operation condition in operation room, as well as cleaning of dust hoop of slag runner and
slag water treatment platform, sign on handover log after satisfactory verification, and the taking
over operator should receive operation card before operation.
• 会同交班人员一起对开口机、钻杆、渣沟沟头、沟内、高低沟、干渣沟、粒化头、接受塔格
栅、 INBA 转鼓头部、操作室工作情况及渣沟除尘罩、冲渣沟平台的清扫情况进行检查，确认合格
后，在交班本上签字，接到操作牌后才能上岗。
• INBA Spot Inspection:
• INBA 点检：
• Spot inspection of equipments:
• 设备点检：
• Signal lamps are bright with correct indications, and emergency stop switch is in good condition
in operation room;
• 操作室信号灯明亮，反映正确，急停开关状态良好。
• Water flow for slag granulation treatment is more than 1850m3/min;
• 粒化水量达到 1850m3/min 以上。
• Air flow for cleaning is more than 600m3/min;
• 吹扫空气量达到 600m3/h 以上。
• Water flow for cleaning of rotary drum is more than 800m3/min;
• 清扫转鼓水量达到 800m3/h 以上。
• Selection of slag sluice is correspondingly correct;
• 冲渣沟选择对应正确。
• Selection of granulation pump is correspondingly correct;
• 粒化泵选择对应正确。
• Field switches and switches in operation room are at correct position by inspection;
• 检查现场及操作室开关位置正确。
• Granulation water circulating system pipe is not damaged and free from leakage; pump shaft seal
is in good condition (No major leakage); no visible standing water in the pit; sewage pump
operates normally; booster pump operates normally.
• 粒化水循环系统管道无破损泄漏，水泵轴头密封好 ( 无严重泄漏 ) ，地坑无明显积水，排污泵运转
正常，增压泵运转正常。
• Spot Inspection of Operations:
• 作业点检：
• Granulator sieve mesh is not blocked;
• 粒化头筛孔无堵塞。
• No lump slag deposits on receiving tower grates;
• 接受塔格栅无渣块。
• Slope runner and slag gate are firm and at suitable level;
• 高低沟和渣闸牢固，高度适宜。
• One 3m steel bar is prepared for diversion operation;
• 具备 3 米长分流钢钎一根。
• Slag bowl, slurry bowl and coke powder bowl are placed in order and spare materials are
sufficient;
• 渣钵、沟泥钵、焦粉钵摆放整齐，备料充足。
• Condition for loading dry slag pit is ready; no operator and machine are in dry slag pit.
• 具备进干渣坑条件，干渣坑无作业人员和机具。
• INBA Operations:
• INBA 作业：
• Start INBA 20min before tapping operation, start slagging until no abnormal condition exists;
• 出铁前 20 分钟启动 INBA ，无异常情况才能制渣。
• After receiving slag, closely monitor water flow and operation of INBA rotary drum and belt,
inclusion of iron in slag is prohibited;
• 受渣后，严密监视水量、 INBA 转鼓和皮带的运行，严禁渣中带铁。
• In case of sudden equipment failure during INBA in operation, immediately divert the slag (To be
completed within 3min) to dry slag pit; in case of sudden reduction of water flow for granulation or
shutdown of water pump, quickly open pneumatic valve of emergency water tank to supply
emergency water, and shut off the gate to divert to dry slag pit;
• 若 INBA 在运行中突然发生设备故障不能作业时，应立即分流 (3 分钟内完成 ) ，改进干渣坑。若粒
化水量突然减少或水泵停机，应迅速打开事故水箱气动阀，启用事故水，同时拔闸改进干渣坑。
• After full tapping of molten iron, stopping taphole is verified, release slope embankment;
• 出完铁，确认铁口堵上后，解除高低坝。
• After full tapping of glowing slag and empty of granulated slag in rotary drum are verified, press
INBA STOP, and come off work after INBA shutdown is verified;
• 确认红渣流完、转鼓内水渣排净后，按 INBA 停止键，确认 INBA 停机后才能离岗。
• INBA Shift Handover:
• INBA 交班：
• Clear slag sluice and build sand embankment;
• 下渣沟头清理干净并做好大砂坝。
• Tidy up used drill pipes, and clean taphole drill zone and operation room;
• 废旧钻杆归堆，清扫开口机区域及操作室。
• Remove residual slag and iron in slag runner, and build sand embankment;
• 清除渣沟内的残余渣、铁，做好闸坝。
• Clean slag runner dust hood and platform;
• 清扫渣沟除尘盖及平台。
• Clean granulator sieve mesh;
• 清理粒化头筛孔。
• Remove lump slag and iron on receiving tower grates;
• 清除接受塔格栅中的渣铁块。
• Clean drain hole of buffer tank;
• 清理缓冲槽的泄流孔。
• Clean deposited slag on the belt of granulated slag;
• 清扫水渣皮带尾部积渣。
• Fill in shift handover and takeover log as required;
• 按要求填写交班本。
• Conduct field inspection and verification with taking over operator;
• 会同接班人员到现场检查认可。
• The taking over operator may only come off work after acceptance of and handing over operation
card.
• 在接班者认可后，交出操作牌才能离岗。
• Common INBA Failures and Remedies:
• INBA 常见故障及处理：
• Sudden stop of rotary drum:
• 转鼓突然停止：
• Causes: ① Broken driving chain of rotary drum; ② Temperature of hydraulic oil exceeding 60 ℃;
• 故障原因：①转鼓传动链条拉断；②液压油油温超过 60℃ 。
• Remedies: immediate diversion, enter in dry slag pit; main control room for information feedback,
contact maintenance unit for inspection and treatment;
• 处理方法：立即分流，进干渣坑；信息反馈主控室，联系检修单位检查处理。
• After starting INBA, rotary drum does not operate:
• 启动 INBA 时，转鼓不运行：
• Causes: earlier INBA stop in the last time, or ingression of large amount of granulated slag in
rotary drum by other causes, leading to overload and collapse of rotary drum;
• 故障原因：上次停 INBA 过早，或因其它原因造成大量水渣进入转鼓，将转鼓压死。
• Remedies: if rotary drum is overloaded by slag, contact maintenance staff to forcefully start rotary
drum and discharge granulated slag; if rotary drum collapses by overloaded granulated slag,
contact maintenance unit to pull out folded belt and clean rotary drum before putting into
operation again.
• 处理方法：若压渣严重，联系检修人员强行启动转鼓，排出水渣，若压渣特别严重，联系检修单位
拉出折叠皮带，清理转鼓后，再投入作业。
• Watery INBA Belt:
• INBA 皮带严重带水：
• Causes: insufficient air flow for blowing rotary drum, or blocked air nozzle, or too much standing
water inside water filter, leading to watery belt;
• 故障原因：转鼓吹扫空气量不足，喷嘴被堵，滤水器积水太多，造成皮带带水。
• Remedies: Clean air nozzle; or contact the plumber to drain standing water inside water filter;
• 处理方法：清洗空气喷嘴，联系配管工，放掉滤水器积水。
• Cause: Overspeed of rotary drum;
• 故障原因：转鼓速度过快。
• Remedy: Contact maintenance staff to regulate the speed of INBA rotary drum;
• 处理方法：联系检修人员调整 INBA 转鼓速度。
• Causes: insufficient water flow for cleaning INBA rotary drum, or low pressure or blocked water
nozzle;
• 故障原因： INBA 转鼓清扫水量不足，压力不够，喷嘴堵塞。
• Remedies: Contact the plumber to examine operating condition of booster pump, clean water
filter of booster pump and clean water nozzle;
• 处理方法：联系配管工检查增压泵运行情况，清扫增压泵过滤器，清洗喷嘴。
• Causes: water on the head of INBA rotary drum; flood of granulated slag from the head;
• 故障原因： INBA 转鼓头部带水，大量水渣从头部涌出。
• Remedies: regulate the speed of rotary drum, clear buffer tank, discharge dry 处理 slag in serious
case, or stop INBA operation;
• 处理方法：调整转鼓速度，清理缓冲槽，情况严重时应走干渣，停止 INBA 作业。
• Cause: flood of granulated slag from slag washing tank to receiving tower bleeder pipe;
• 故障原因：冲渣槽大量水渣从接受塔溢流管涌出。
• Remedy: divert dry slag, stop INBA operation to clean blocking slag on the grates;
• 处理方法：分流走干渣，停机清除格栅障碍物。
• Cause: low water flow for slag washing;
• 故障原因：冲渣水量减少。
• Remedies: diversion; inspect whether driving belt of water pump slips; in case of too much
standing water in the pit, start sewage pump to remove standing water; in case of rupture of
granulation pipe or serious water leakage from water pump shaft head, contact maintenance staff
for treatment;
• 处理方法：分流，检查水泵传动皮带有无打滑现象；如地坑积水太多，应启动排污泵；若粒化管道
破裂，水泵轴头漏水严重时应停机，联系检修人员处理。
• Sudden reduction of water flow for granulation during operation:
• 作业中，粒化水量突然降低：
• Cause: sudden shutdown of one granulation pump;
• 故障原因：粒化水泵突然停了一台。
• Remedy: change field operation box to manual operation, or start backup pump;
• 处理方法：到现场操作箱改手动启动，或启动备用泵。
• After starting INBA, water flow is less than 1600m2/h:
• INBA 启动时，水量不足 1600m2/h ：
• Cause: only one granulation pump is in service;
• 故障原因：只一台粒化泵运转。
• Remedy: switch to backup pump;
• 处理方法：倒换备用泵。
• Cause: outlet valve of backup granulation pump fails (Reverse pump);
• 故障原因：备用粒化泵出口阀坏 ( 泵反转 ) 。
• emedy: switch to backup pump;
• 处理方法：倒换备用泵。
• Cause: two pumps operate normally, but water flow is low;
• 故障原因：两台泵正常运转，水量不足。
• Remedy: one of the two pumps fails (Overworn pump impeller), switch to backup pump and notify
special mechanician for inspection or replacement.
• 处理方法：其中一台水泵有故障 ( 叶片磨损严重 ) ，倒换备用泵并通知机械专检，检查更换。
• Rotary Drum does not Run after Starting INBA
• INBA 启动时转鼓不运行：
• Cases: failure of INBA hydraulic station; selection knob of field operation box not restored;
emergency stop button not restored; broken chain of rotary drum;
• 故障原因： INBA 液压站故障；现场操作箱选择旋钮未复位；急停按钮未复位；转鼓链条断。
• Remedy: contact maintenance staff for inspection and treatment;
• 处理方法：联系检修人员检查、处理。
• Water Pump does not Run after Starting INBA
• INBA 启动时，水泵不运行：
• Causes: failure of motor power supply; election knob of field operation box not restored;
emergency stop button not restored; broken or runoff of water pump belt;
• 故障原因：电机电源故障；现场操作选择旋钮未复位；急停按钮未复位；水泵皮带断或脱落。
• Remedy: contact maintenance staff for inspection and treatment;
• 处理方法：联系检修人员检查、处理。
• No Indication of INBA Signal
• INBA 信号无显示：
• Causes: election knob of field operation box not restored and emergency stop button not restored
of various systems;
• 故障原因：各系统现场操作箱选择开关和急停旋钮未复位。
• Remedy: restoration after verification;
• 处理方法：确认后复位。
• Cause: No interlock signal of slag belt;
• 故障原因：矿渣皮带联锁信号不来。
• Remedy: notify slag factory control center to find out the cause and restore to normal condition;
• 处理方法：通知矿渣厂调度室查明原因，使之恢复正常。
• Water-washing Slag Operations:
• 水冲渣操作：
• Before tapping operation, build firm sand embankment for slag tapping; the level of sand
embankment should meet requirement to prevent burst of slag-washing runway by flowing molten
iron;
• 出铁前，按规程做牢下渣大砂坝，大砂坝高度要符合规定要求，防止下渣过铁造成冲渣槽爆炸。
• Clear residual slag in slag runner to ensure smooth slag flow; do not throw lump slag and debris
in slag-washing runway;
• 渣沟内的残渣要清理干净，确保渣流顺畅。渣块、杂物不许扔进冲渣槽。
• Inspect and verify slag runner spout; timely repair any damaged part discovered to prevent
burnout of granulation orifice plate by molten slag;
• 检查、确认渣沟流嘴，发现破损应及时修补，防止熔渣烧坏粒化孔板。
• Before drilling of taphole, open water valve to verify water flow and water pressure in stated limit
to prevent flaming slag or boiling slag in slag-washing runway;
• 开铁口前打开水阀，确认水量、水压在规定范围内，防止冲渣槽出现红渣或翻水渣。
• Before tapping operation, open solidified slag shell of sand casting to prevent inclusion of molten
iron in slag flow;
• 出铁前打开砂口凝结渣壳，防止下渣过铁。
• If interrupted slag flow in slag runner is observed after stopping taphole, close water valve,
inspect slag-washing device to ensure no debris and solidified slag residing in slag-washing
runway, smooth scale-board without damage and water leakage, granulation nozzle not blocked,
and timely eliminate any abnormal condition discovered;
• 堵铁口后，见渣沟断流，关闭水阀，检查水冲渣装置，确保冲渣槽无杂物、凝渣，衬板光滑，无破
损、漏水，粒化喷嘴无堵塞，发现异常及时处理。
• In case of boiling granulated slag in slag-washing runway, immediately report to factory control
center and quickly organize personnel for treatment to prevent accident of railway transportation;
• 冲渣槽翻水渣，应立即报告厂调度室，并迅速组织人员处理，防止出现铁路运输事故。
• Reduction of water flow from granulation nozzle; first inspect whether granulation nozzle is
blocked by impurity; if yes, clear the obstruction; if not, contact the plumber for treatment;
• 粒化喷嘴水量变小，首先检查喷嘴是否有异物堵塞。有时，及时清除异物；无时，联系配管工处理
。
• Stop slag washing operation during BF ignition; in case of inclusion of molten iron in slag flow or
serious boiling granulated slag due to taphole malfunction, immediately stop taphole or pull the
gate to discharge in slag tank;
• 开炉时，停止使用水冲渣。铁口失常造成下渣过铁或严重翻水渣，应立即堵铁口或拔闸进渣罐。
• 16 Treatment of Damp Taphole:
• 16 潮铁口的处理：
• 16.1 If damp taphole is found, immediately stop advance drilling; use taphole drill with mixed air-
water blowing device, and timely close water valve;
• 发现铁口有潮时，应立即停止向前钻动。采用风水混吹装置的开口机，及时关闭水阀。
• 16.2 Retreat taphole drill (Drill pipe) to 200-300mm;
• 开口机 ( 钻杆 ) 往后退 200-300mm 。
• 16.3 Remove damp by blowing air; when air pressure ＞ 0.85MPa, regulate to lower air flow as
appropriate;
• 利用吹扫风排潮，当风压＞ 0.85MPa 时，刚开始可适当调小风量。
• 16.4 Operate skip car to move drill pipe back and forth based on the progress of damp removal;
• 根据排潮进度，操作移动小车前后移动钻杆。
• 16.5 In case of another taphole drilling after damp removal, slowly advance drill pipe, and hasty
drilling is forbidden;
• 排潮后再次钻铁口时，要缓慢向前钻动，切忌心急。
• 16.6 If continuous damp taphole is found, quick find out the cause and take measure;
• 若铁口连续有潮，应尽快查明原因，并采取措施。
• Spot Inspection of Taphole mud sheath:
• 铁口泥套点检：
• Inspect whether matching surface of mud sheath and gun head is complete;
• 铁口泥套与炮头的吻合面是否完好。
• Inspect whether the wheel of mud sheath is in good condition; no depositing slag (Iron) and
crater on the bottom;
• 铁口泥套的轮子是否完好，底部应无积渣 ( 铁 ) 及凹坑。
• Inspect whether mud sheath is dry and free from water trace;
• 铁口泥套是否干燥无水迹。
• Inspect whether mud sheath tightly contacts main trough slope;
• 铁口泥套与主沟斜坡接触是否严紧。
• Inspect whether mud core of taphole hole is solid without cavity;
• 铁口眼的泥芯是否充实无空洞。
• Inspect whether drainage ditch above taphole is complete and firm;
• 铁口上方的放水槽是否完好、牢固。
• Inspect whether depth of mud sheath is with the limit (30-80mm);
• 铁口泥套的深度是否在规定范围 (30-80mm) 内。
• Inspect whether major variation of gas flow occurs within taphole zone, whether the color of flame
changes;
• 铁口区域煤气有无重大变化，火焰颜色有无变化。
• 18 Operation of Mud Effluent after Stopping Taphole:
• 18 堵铁口冒泥后的作业：
• 18.1 After stopping taphole, clear blasting mud with compressed air; after retreat of mud gun, fully
remove the mud with scoop;
• 堵铁口后，用压缩空气吹出炮泥；拔炮后，用锹将炮泥全部清出。
• 18.2 Clean mud sheath with compressed air again; inspect and verify the case of mud effluent;
• 再次用压缩空气吹扫泥套，检查、确认造成冒泥的原因。
• 18.3 Immediately make decision on treatment in terms of the cause of mud effluent;
• 根据冒泥原因，立即做出处理决定。
• Operation of Pouring Castable Mud Sheath:
• 浇注铁口泥套的操作：
• For BF of alternate tapping from multiple tapholes, castable mud sheath is generally used;
• 多铁口倒换出铁的高炉，一般采用浇注料浇注铁口泥套。
• Pouring castable mud sheath is generally conducted after pouring main trough;
• 浇注铁口泥套在主沟浇注完毕后进行。
• If taphole protection plate is sued, first remove taphole protection plate;
• 有铁口保护板的先卸下铁口保护板。
• Remove residual slag, iron and used mud, to the extent that removal depth is not extended to
special-shaped brick lining;
• 抠除残余渣铁及旧泥，抠进深度以不触及异型砖套为准。
• Inspect whether taphole framework and special-shaped brick lining are in good condition,
whether taphole spout displaces;
• 检查铁口框架、异型砖套是否完好，铁口孔道是否偏移。
• Clean mud sheath with compressed air;
• 用压缩空气吹净泥套。
• Erect one thin steel plate (Or thin belt) next to taphole protection plate as temporary retaining
wall;
• 紧贴保护板架设一块薄钢板 ( 薄皮带 ) 作临时挡墙。
• Fill blended castable of mud sheath to steel plate from the opening above taphole and compact
by vibration (no vibration is required for self-flowing castable);
• 将搅拌好的泥套浇注料，从铁口上方的开口处往钢板内填充并振实 ( 自料流可以免振 ) 。
• If no taphole protection plate is used, operate mud gun to squeeze to a profile of mud sheath
(50mm deep), retreat mud gun in the next day;
• 无铁口保护板的，操作泥炮压出泥套轮廓 (50mm 深 ) ，次日拔炮。
• If taphole protection plate is used, remove steel plate in the next day, and install taphole
protection plate before use;
• 有铁口保护板的，次日拆卸钢板，在使用之前安装铁口保护板。
• Press a profile of mud sheath mud sheath with mud sheath before sue;
• 使用前用泥套泥压制泥套。
• Dig or drill taphole hole in line with the center of mud sheath, to a depth slightly more than
thickness of castable;
• 对准泥套中心抠或钻出铁口眼，深度稍大于浇注料的厚度。
• Bake mud sheath with gas fire;
• 用瓦斯火烤干。
• Clean up filed and tidy up tools.
• 清理现场，收拾工具。
• Operation of Constructing Taphole Mud Sheath
• 制铁口泥套的操作：
• First drill the taphole to 150-200mm;
• 先将铁口钻进 150-200mm 。
• Install mud sheath blending and grinding machine on taphole drill;
• 将泥套搅磨器安装到开口机上。
• Operate taphole drill to blend and grind mud sheath according to liaison signal;
• 根据联络信号，操作开口机搅磨泥套。
• Terminate blending and grinding according to liaison signal, and retreat taphole drill to stop
position;
• 根据联络信号，终止搅磨，退开口机至停放位置。
• Build special platform on main trough, scratch residual mud on mud sheath with steel bar to
roughen used mud sheath;
• 将专用平台搭在主沟上，用钢钎抠除泥套的残余泥料致使旧泥套毛糙。
• Remove used mud from mud sheath area;
• 将旧泥料清出泥套区域。
• Clean mud sheath with compressed air;
• 用压缩空气吹净泥套。
• Operate mud gun, squeeze mud sheath with gun head, observe whether gun head matches
blending and grinding surface of mud sheath;
• 操作泥炮，用炮头挤压泥套，观察炮头与泥套搅磨面的吻合情况。
• If mud sheath is rough, repeat operation steps 3, 4, 6 & 8;
• 若泥套不平整，再重复 3 、 4 、 6 、 8 项作业。
• Operate mud gun to retreat mud gun to stop position;
• 操作泥炮退至停放位置。
• Load mud sheath with mud and tamp with hammer;
• 将泥套泥堆入泥套内，用锤子捣实。
• Operate mud gun to press a profile of mud sheath to a set depth of 50-80mm;
• 操作泥炮压制泥套，泥套深度规定： 50-80mm 。
• Retreat mud gun to stop position;
• 泥炮退至停放位置。
• Tamp loose material around mud sheath and remove unwanted mud material;
• 捣实泥套周围松散泥料，清除不用的泥料。
• Dig a funnel-shaped deep socket in line with the center of mud sheath with steel bar;
• 用钢钎对准泥套中心挖出漏斗型深窝。
• Bake mud sheath with gas fire until mud sheath is dry;
• 用煤气火烘烤泥套至干燥。
• Clean up filed and tidy up tools.
• 清理现场，收拾工具。
• Supplementary: Operation of Pouring Taphole Mud Sheath
• 补：铁口泥套烧注操作
• Clear residual slag and iron on taphole protection plate and residues on mud sheath with air pick,
until taphole brick lining comes out;
• 用风镐清理铁口保护板的残渣铁及泥套的残料，见铁口组合砖。
• Clean with air pipe;
• 用风管吹干净。
• First pour castable on the lower edge of mud sheath;
• 用烧注料把泥套下沿先浇好。
• Built a retaining wall below mud sheath after castable is hardened, and then insert in steel plate;
• 固化后用砂口泥在泥套下沿做一挡墙，插入钢板。
• Pour castable in the steel plate and ensure castable is fully poured;
• 在钢板内灌注烧注料，并保证灌满。
• Squeeze steel plate with mud gun head to tightly press castable;
• 用炮挤压钢板，使烧注料压紧。
• Retreat mud gun after castable is hardened;
• 6 固化后拔炮。
• First bake with slow fire for 30min; then bake with moderate fire for 30min; finally bake with fast
fire 30min, and this operation is completed.
• 先用小火烧烤 30 分钟，再用中火烧烤 30 分钟，后用大火药味烧烤 30 分钟即可。
• Spot Inspection around Taphole:
• 铁口周围的点检：
• Inspect whether crazing and deep erosion on main trough slope under the taphole;
• 铁口处主沟斜坡有无龟裂和深度侵蚀。
• Inspect whether water leakage exist above the taphole and main trough;
• 铁口、主沟上方有无漏水。
• Inspect whether residual slag and iron on the edge of main trough are cleared;
• 主沟边部残余渣铁是否清理干净。
• Inspect whether excessively high residual slag and iron exists on gun column, base and under
rotary arm;
• 炮柱、机座上及旋转臂下有无超高残余渣铁。
• Inspect whether lump slag exists in main trough;
• 主沟内有无大渣块。
• Inspect whether gas is ignited in taphole zone;
• 铁口区域煤气是否点燃。
• Spot Inspection of Slag Runner and Molten Iron Runner:
• 渣铁沟点检：
• Inspect whether the fall between slag runner and molten iron runner is within 200-250mm;
• 渣沟沟头是否与铁沟沟头落差在 200-250mm 之内。
• Inspect whether slag runner is free from obstruction;
• 渣沟是否畅通。
• Inspect whether slope embankment of slag runner is in good condition (Ensure reliable diversion
of INBA water-washing slag);
• 渣沟高低坝是否完好 ( 保证 INBA 水冲渣可靠分流 ) 。
• Inspect whether slag runner spout is in good condition;
• 渣沟流嘴是否完好。
• Inspect whether molten iron runner is in moderate level, whether it matches slag runner;
• 铁沟沟头的高度是否适中，与渣沟沟头相匹配。
• Inspect whether molten iron runner is free from obstruction;
• 铁沟是否畅通无阻。
• Inspect whether molten iron spout is in good condition;
• 铁沟流嘴是否完好、无龟裂。
• Inspect whether the bottom of molten iron spout is smooth to ensure free flow of molten iron in
molten iron tank or sing chute;
• 铁沟流嘴的底部是否光滑，确保铁流顺畅地进入铁罐或摆动溜槽内。
• Inspect whether composite spout of torpedo tank is blocked by debris, whether inner wall is in
good condition and without crazing;
• 鱼雷罐组合流嘴内有无障碍物，内壁是否完好、无龟裂。
• Spot Inspection of Slag Runner and Molten Iron Runner after Stopping Taphole;
• 堵铁口后的沟点检：
• Thorough spot inspection of main trough, sand gate, molten iron runner, slag runner and spout
(Inc. swing spout) is required after stopping taphole;
• 堵铁口后要对主沟、砂口、铁沟、渣沟、流嘴 ( 含摆动流嘴 ) 进行全面点检。
• Detect and inspect cracking, erosion and etc with steel bar;
• 用钢钎探测，检查裂缝、侵蚀等情况。
• Inspect erosion by visual inspection;
• 目视，检查侵蚀情况。
• Lift up runner cover and dust hood for spot inspection, if necessary;
• 根据情况吊起沟盖和除尘罩进行点检。
• Operation of Taphole Gas Cutting:
• 用氧气烧铁口的操作：
• Prepare oxygen pipe and oxygen belt, wear on working protection clothing;
• 准备氧气管、氧气带，穿戴好劳保用品。
• Inspect oxygen hose and clamp in good condition and without air leakage;
• 检查氧气带、卡具完好，不漏气。
• Firmly connect clamp and oxygen pipe;
• 将卡具与氧气管连接紧固。
• Place connected oxygen pipe before taphole;
• 将连接好的氧气管拿到铁口前。
• Slowly open oxygen valve (In small flow) according to liaison signal;
• 根据联络信号，慢慢打开氧气阀 ( 量要小 ) 。
• After smooth oxygen flow is verified, insert oxygen pipe in taphole passage until to the end;
• 确认氧气吹出后，将氧气管插入铁口通道内，直至底部。
• Oxygen pipe must be placed in line with drill pipe of taphole drill;
• 氧气管必须摆正，与开口机钻杆一致。
• After ignition of oxygen pipe, increase oxygen flow as appropriate;
• 氧气管点燃后，适当增大氧气量。
• The end of oxygen pipe is melted continuously, the operator should continuously move forward
oxygen pipe held in his hand;
• 氧气管头部不断熔化，操作者应将手中的氧气管不断的往前移动。
• When oxygen pipe clamp approaches the taphole ( ＜ 3.0m), gradually close oxygen valve, and
then retract oxygen pipe from the taphole;
• 当氧气管卡具接近铁口 ( ＜ 3.0m) 时，逐步关闭氧气阀，氧气管抽出铁口。
• Change oxygen pipe and continue taphole gas cutting by repeating operation steps 3~8;
• 更换氧气管，再烧铁口重复 3 、 4 、 5 、 6 、 6 、 8 、 8 项。
• After the taphole is opened, quickly retract oxygen pipe from the taphole;
• 铁口烧开后迅速抽出氧气管。
• Close oxygen valve;
• 关闭氧气阀。
• Tidy up oxygen pipe and oxygen hose and clean up field.
• 整理氧气管、氧气带，清理现场。
• Monitor (Watch) Molten Iron Tank:
• 监视铁水罐（看铁罐）：
• Before opening taphole, inspect and verify sufficient number and correct alignment of molten iron
tanks without failure;
• 开铁口前必须检查、确认铁罐数量足够，对位准确。
• 100t tank with ＞ 30t residual molten iron should not be used as transitional tank; the last tank
with ＞ 60t residual molten iron should not receive molten iron;
• 百吨罐大于 30 吨的残铁罐不得作过渡罐，最后一位大于 60 吨的残铁罐不能受铁水。
• The molten iron tank containing damp substance should not receive molten iron;
• 铁罐内有潮湿物不能受铁水。
• The lower edge of molten iron tank spout should be about 300mm above the level of liquid molten
iron; if torpedo tank receives molten iron: the proportion of gross weight 520-580±20t is more
than 80%; larger gross weight of molten iron tank not fully loaded is permissible provided that
safe receiving of molten iron is ensured; if gross weight of the last tank is insufficient for receiving
additional molten iron, but steel-making required to receive molten iron or molten iron tank is idle
for long period of time, receiving of molten iron is agreed after consultation before planning on
steel-making and recording in detail by iron-making plant control center;
• 铁罐流嘴下沿与铁水面应保留约 300mm 距离；鱼雷罐受铁：毛重 520-580±20 吨的比例达 80% 以
上，针对残罐受铁的毛重可根据实际情况放宽，以安全为主。受铁时最后一罐如毛重不够，但炼钢
要铁或铁罐放置时间较长，可经协商同意后，下计划到炼钢，并由炼铁厂调度室做好记录。
• During receiving of molten iron by molten iron tank, closely monitor the liquid level in molten iron
tank, and timely tilt swinging spout or close the gate based on flow rate of molten iron;
• 铁罐受铁水时，要密切监视铁罐内铁水液面，视铁水流速及时倾动摆动流嘴或拔闸。
• If molten iron weighing equipment is used, watch signal indication while closely monitor the
variation of liquid level in molten iron tank;
• 有铁水秤量设备，在注视数字显示的同时也要密切监视铁罐内铁水液面的变化。
• If molten iron weighing equipment is damaged, manually observe liquid level in receiving molten
iron tank to ensure safety;
• 如铁水秤量设备损坏，以人工观察铁水液面受铁，确保安全。
• Wear on working protection clothing during monitoring of molten iron tank, extra care should be
exercised to prevent eye burn by splashing iron;
• 监视铁罐时要穿戴好劳保用品，慎防飞溅的铁花伤目。
• Monitor (Watch) Slag Tank:
• 监视渣罐（看渣罐）：
• 26.1 Before opening taphole, inspect and verify sufficient number and correct alignment of slag
tanks without failure;
• 开铁口前必须检查、确认渣罐数量足够，对位准确。
• 26.2 Slag tank containing damp substance should not be used to receive slag; if slag tank
cracks, liquid level of slag should not exceed the level of crack;
• 渣罐内有潮杂物不能受熔渣。若渣罐有裂口，熔渣液面不能超过裂口。
• 26.3 The lower edge of slag tank should be 300mm above liquid level of slag;
• 渣罐下沿与熔渣液面应保留 300mm 距离。
• 26.4 During receiving of slag by slag tank, closely monitor the liquid level in slag tank, and timely
tilt swinging spout or close the gate based on flow rate of slag;
• 渣罐受熔渣时，要密切监视渣罐内熔渣液面，根据渣流速度及时拔闸。
• 26.5 Wear on working protection clothing during monitoring of slag tank;
• 监视渣罐时，要穿戴好劳保用品。
• Spread Thermal Insulating Agent:
• 投撒保温剂：
• Spread thermal insulating agent via sand gate:
• 砂口投放保温剂：
• Penetrate big sand embankment to remove slag in main trough as possible, then spread thermal
insulating agent after slag and molten iron flow stops;
• 将大砂坝捅到底，尽量排除主沟内的熔渣，待渣铁停止流动后进行。
• Spread thermal insulating agent (Coke powder) prepared in 2-3m area at the end of main trough
(<≯3 packs) and square well;
• 将准备好的保温剂 ( 焦粉 ) 投放到主沟后端 2-3m 处 (<≯3 包 ) 及方井内。
• Spread thermal insulating agent in molten iron tank:
• 铁罐投放保温剂 :
• After suppressing gate or closing gate, put thermal insulating agent in loaded molten iron tank (<≯3
packs);
• 在压闸板或拔闸后，向已装铁水的铁罐内投放保温剂 (<≯3 包 ) 。 After molten iron tank is fully
loaded, and when swinging spout tilts toward transitional tank, put thermal insulating agent in
loaded molten iron tank (<≯3 packs);
• 当铁罐已装满铁水后，将摆动流嘴倾动到过渡罐时，向已装铁水的铁罐内投放保温剂 (<≯3 包 ) 。
• Put thermal insulating agent in transitional tank and the last loaded molten iron tank;
• 过渡罐及最后一个铁罐均要投放保温剂。
• Preparations before Discharging Taphole:
• 倒铁口前的准备工作：
• 28.1 United trial run of hydraulic mud gun, taphole drill and swinging spout; thoroughly treat with
any problem discovered;
• 液压炮、开口机、摆动流嘴全面试车，发现问题要彻底处理。
• 28.2 Produce taphole mud sheath;
• 制作铁口泥套。
• 28.3 Tightly plug sand gate with ramming runner mud;
• 砂口眼用捣打料沟泥堵紧。
• 28.4 Bake to dry main trough, sand gate, slag runner, molten iron runner and swinging spout
(Install);
• 主沟、砂口、渣铁沟、摆动流嘴 ( 安装 ) 烘烤干燥。
• 28.5 Reroute and bake to dry slag runner and molten iron runner;
• 渣沟、铁沟改道并烤干。
• 28.6 Embank (Raise) main trough (Sand gate) slope with red sand;
• 主沟（砂口）沟帮用红砂筑坝（加高）。
• 28.6 Prepare sufficient coke powder, red sand and ramming material;
• 备足焦粉、红砂及捣打料。
• 28.8 Build big sand embankment along the bank of slag runner; embank along the bank of molten
iron runner with red sand;
• 渣沟沟头做好大砂坝，铁沟沟头用焦粉筑坝。
• 28.8 Fully load the mud gun with blasting mud, and heat gun nozzle with gas fire as appropriate;
• 泥炮装满炮泥，并用煤气火适当加热炮头。
• 28.10 Prepare oxygen pipe, oxygen hose and clamps;
• 准备氧气管、氧气带及卡具。
• 28.10 Start INBA system or prepare slag tank;
• 启动 INBA 系统或配备好渣罐。
• Operation of Discharging Taphole:
• 倒铁口操作：
• Select small drill bit (φ54mm and φ60mm) to drill taphole;
• 选用小钻头 (φ54mm 、 φ60mm) 开铁口。
• After taphole is opened, if slag flow comes firstly, timely reinforce coke powder embankment
along the bank of molten iron runner to ensure slag flowing in dry slag pit or slag tank, spread
coke powder in main trough and sand gate (Square well); if molten iron flow comes firstly, timely
release coke powder embankment along the bank of molten iron;
• 铁口打开后，若先来熔渣，应及时加固铁沟沟头焦粉坝，确保熔渣进干渣坑或渣罐，主沟、砂口（
方井）投撒焦粉；若先来铁水，应及时将铁沟沟头的焦粉坝解除。
• When main trough is fully loaded with slag and molten iron, spread coke powder (Thermal
insulating agent) in main trough;
• 当主沟内盛满渣铁后，向沟内投撒焦粉（保温剂）。
• When slag flow comes, lower the level of slag sluice embankment as appropriate and guide slag
to slag runner;
• 来熔渣时，适当降低下渣大砂坝高度，并引熔渣进渣沟。
• If “flood” occurs, notify the shift foreman to reduce air flow and air pressure as required;
• 若出现“跑大流”通知工长酌情减风降压。
• If “coke flood” occurs, guide coke to flow with slag with steel bar;
• 若出现“跑焦炭”用钢钎引导焦炭随熔渣流走。
• If serious “coke flood” occurs during middle and later period of tapping, timely stop the taphole;
• 当出铁到中、后期，“跑焦炭”严重时，及时堵铁口。
• If “coke blocking” occurs at flow rate of molten iron >4t/min, continuous tapping is permissible;
however, when flow rate of molten iron <3t/min, open the taphole if required;
• 若出现“卡焦炭”，当铁水流速 >4t/min ，可任其继续出铁；当铁水流速 <3t/min ，应酌情透开铁
口。
• After full tapping of molten iron, conduct regular operation of stopping taphole and increase mud
feed (40-45s) as appropriate;
• 铁水出尽时，按正常堵铁口操作，适当增加打泥量 (40-45 秒 ) 。
• After stopping taphole, empty sand gate, if necessary;
• 堵铁口后，视情况放空砂口。
• Tightly plug sand gate with ramming mud, clear residual slag and clean up field;
• 砂口眼用捣打料塞严堵紧，清除残渣，清理现场。
• Return to tapping from original taphole;
• 返回到原铁口出铁。
• After normal operation of new taphole, discharge and stop used sand gate, if necessary;
• 视情况待新铁口正常后，放老砂口，老砂口休止。
• Operation of Discharging Sand gate:
• 放砂口操作：
• Clear residual runner and bake to dry in advance;
• 提前将残铁沟清理干净并烤干。
• Prepare oxygen pipe, oxygen hose and clamps;
• 准备氧气管、氧气带及卡具。
• Prepare Flat steel bar and hammer;
• 准备扁口钢钎及锤子。
• Verify molten iron tank is empty and correctly aligned, and contact gas operator;
• 确认铁罐是空罐且对位准确，并与瓦斯工取得联系。
• Start operation after normal stopping taphole is verified without abnormal phenomenon;
• 确认堵铁口正常无异后进行。
• Embank along the bank of molten iron runner to prevent boiling slag;
• 铁沟沟头用红砂筑坝，防止翻渣。
• Penetrate big sand embankment to discharge slag as possible;
• 捅开大砂坝，尽量排除熔渣。
• Strike steel bar with hammer to loosen and remove blocked mud in sand gate;
• 用锤子敲打钢钎，抠松砂口眼内的堵泥，并清出。
• Scratch] sand gate until flaming slag is seen;
• 砂口眼抠至见红。
• Fire sand gate with oxygen, place oxygen pipe aligned and slightly upward to prevent lower or
deflective sand gate;
• 用氧气烧砂口眼，氧气管应摆正、稍向上，防止砂口眼烧低、烧偏。
• After full discharging of slag and molten iron from main trough and sand gate, clean sand gate
mouth and sand gate runway;
• 当主沟、砂口内渣铁放净后，清理砂口眼和砂口过道。
• Operation of Plugging Sand gate mouth:
• 堵砂口眼操作：
• Prepare ramming material (Red sand), steel bar and harrow (Plugging material as required on a
case to case basis);
• 准备捣打料 ( 红砂 ) 、钢钎及堵耙 ( 堵料根据当时情况而定 ) 。
• Scratch with steel bar or oxygen firing to clear residue in sand gate mouth;
• 用钢钎抠或烧氧气，将砂口眼内清理干净。
• Loosen residual slag (Iron) in molten iron runner and handle (Lift) away from the field;
• 将残铁沟内的残渣 ( 铁 ) 撬起，并搬 ( 吊 ) 离现场。
• First, place ramming material (Red sand) in sand gate mouth via square well;
• 将捣打料 ( 红砂 ) 先从方井处投到砂口眼内。
• Tightly plug mud material with harrow from square well;
• 先从方井处用堵耙将泥料堵紧。
• Place ramming material in sand gate mouth by several times and tightly plug by layers with
harrow;
• 捣打料分次投到砂口眼内，用堵耙分层塞严堵紧。
• Bake to dry plugging material;
• 将堵料烤干。
• Clean up molten iron runner;
• 清理残铁沟。
• Tidy up tools and clean up field;
• 收拾工具，清理现场。
• Operation of Manual Opening Taphole:
• 人工开铁口操作：
• Prepare air drill and drill pipe, and connect to compressed air hose;
• 准备风钻及钻杆，并与压缩空气软管连接。
• Erect small platform: set up beam in front end of main trough, put on corrugated tiles, and spread
small amount of red sand;
• 搭设小平台：在主沟前端架横梁，摆上波纹瓦，并撒少许红砂。
• Produce funnel-shaped deep socket with steel bar at the center of taphole;
• 用钢钎在铁口中心抠出漏斗型深窝。
• Stand on the platform to align air drill bit to taphole mouth, place drill bit firmly (At right angle);
• 站在平台上将风钻钻头对准铁口眼，摆正撑稳（注意角度）。
• Drill the taphole to 1000-1200mm, and retreat air drill;
• 将铁口钻至 1000-1200mm ，退出风钻。
• Fire the taphole with oxygen by following the steps of “operation of taphole opening by gas
cutting”
• 用氧气烧铁口，操作方法参照“烧铁口操作”。
• Start taphole drilling operation after inspection and verification of “small platform” complying with
safety requirement;
• “ 小平台”经检查、确认，符合安全要求才能开始钻铁口工作。
• Steel Bar Striking Operation:
• 打钢钎操作：
• Inspect and verify solid hammer handle as well as firm connection of hammer and hammer
handle;
• 检查确认锤把结实，锤与锤把结合牢固。
• Do not wear on gloves when striking the hammer;
• 打锤时不准戴手套。
• The hammer striker and steel bar holder should not stand in the same side;
• 打锤者与撑钢钎者不能站在同一侧。
• The hammer striker should keep some distance from steel bar holder; the front foot of hammer
striker should be vertical to the tail of steel bar;
• 打锤者应与撑钎者保持距离，前脚与钎尾垂直。
• The steel bar holder should look ahead rather than turn to look the tail of steel bar;
• 撑钢钎者应目视前方，不得扭头窥视钎尾。
• The steel bar with winding edge (End of steel bar) should not be used;
• 不准采用卷边（钎尾）的钢钎。
• The hammer striker should strike on steel bar after readiness signal is given by steel bar holder
and carefully looking around;
• 打锤者要按撑钎者的信号，经前顾后盼后方可作业。
• If steel bar holder wants to sway (Move) steel bar or stop steel bar striking operation, the steel
bar holder should give a signal to hammer striker and do not change his holding position until
after confirmation by hammer striker;
• 撑钢钎者若要摆（移）动钢钎或停止作业时，应先示意，经确认后方可改变姿势。
• he hammer striker should strike on steel bar stably, accurately and forcefully while carefully watch
liaison signal by steel bar holder;
• 打锤时要稳、准、有力，同时要密切关注撑钎者的联络信号。
• Precautions on Operation of Dust Extraction Port:
• 除尘口作业的注意事项：
• During operation before the taphole, wear on towel and safety helmet firmly;
• 在铁口前端作业时，毛巾和安全帽必须系戴牢固。
• In pulling out and lifting away dust hood from tuyere, safety cover must be installed in a timely
manner;
• 抽风口除尘盖吊离时，必须及时安装安全盖。
• During operation in swinging spout, turn off dedusting fan without failure;
• 在摆动流嘴中作业时，必须关闭除尘风机。
• During replacement and repair of composite spout of torpedo tank, lift away hood cover and turn
off dedusting fan without failure;
• 更换、修补鱼雷罐组合流嘴时，必须吊离罩盖，关闭除尘风机。
• Inspection System for Iron-Storage Type Main Trough (Sand gate)
• 存铁式主沟（砂口）的检查制度
• 36.1 During operation of iron-storage type main trough (sand gate), daytime shift and shifting
foreman should inspect in detail erosion of front slopes section of main trough as well as
operating condition of taphole framework and taphole protection plate on a daily basis;
• 存铁式主沟（砂口）在使用时期，白班及倒班组长，每天都要重点检查主沟前端斜坡段的侵蚀情况
及铁口框架、保护板的工作状况。
• 36.2 The level of big sand embankment should be appropriate; during tapping operation, liquid
level of slag and molten iron should not exceed the lower edge of taphole mud sheath; ensure
taphole framework and taphole protection plate not directly contact slag and molten iron;
• 大砂坝高度要适宜，出铁时渣铁液面不能高出铁口泥套下沿，确保铁口框架、保护板不直接与渣铁
接触。
• 36.3 During middle and later use of main trough (Sand gate), main trough (Sand gate) should be
inspected by daytime shift leader (At least three times per week) and BF technician (At least
twice per week) by detection with steel bar and recorded in detail;
• 主沟（砂口）使用到中、后期，白班组长每周不少于 3 次，高炉炉前技师每周不少于 2 次，采用钢
钎探测的办法对主沟（砂口）进行检查，并做好记录：
• 36.3.1 Make sure remaining thickness at the weakest part of working layer of main trough (Sand
gate) is not less than 80mm to prevent burnout accident of main trough (Sand gate);
• 36.3.1 确认主沟（砂口）工作层最薄弱处剩余厚度不小于 80mm ，杜绝主沟（砂口）烧穿事故。
• 36.3.2 Verify the erosion extent of crossbeam, inspect the bank level of slag runner and molten
iron runner, ensure no inclusion of molten iron in slag runner or inclusion of slag in molten iron
runner as well as normal separation of slag and molten iron;
• 36.3.2 确认大梁的侵蚀程度，检查渣、铁沟沟头的高度，确保渣沟不过铁，铁沟不过渣，渣铁正常
分离。
• 36.3.3 If abnormal condition of main trough (Sand gate) is discovered, timely discharge sand gate
and inspect;
• 36.3.3 发现主沟（砂口）异常，及时放砂口检查。
• 36.4 When the operator on duty discovers abnormal condition of main trough (Sand gate), it
should be timely reported to team leader and shift foreman, and team leader and shift foreman
should report it BF technician;
• 当班人员发现主沟（砂口）有异常情况要及时向组长、工长反映，工、组长酌情向炉前技师报告。
• 36.5 During normal operation, if 50~60% iron influx is reached, discharge sand gate to conduct
spot inspection;
• 正常工作时，当通铁量达规定量的 50~60% 时，放砂口点检。
• Replacing Tuyere Operation:
• 更换风口操作：
• 38.1 Prepare staying mud, tools and spare parts in advance;
• 提前准备好休风泥、工具及备品。
• 38.2 After backflow staying, remove air pipe and lift air pipe away from tuyere area;
• 倒流休风后，卸下风管，并将风管吊离该风口区域。
• 38.3 The plumber should timely remove union joint and hose of incoming and outgoing pipes of
tuyere;
• 配管工及时拆卸风口进、出水管的活接头及软管。
• 38.4 After removal of air pipe, timely plug the tuyere with mud by tightly tamping and plugging to
prevent collapse of coke after disassembling the tuyere or removing residual slag and iron; then
remove tuyere mandril;
• 风管卸下后应及时进行风口堵泥，一定要捣紧堵严，防止风口拉下来后或抠残渣时垮焦炭；然后卸
下风口顶杆。
• 38.5 Extend big drag hook from guide chain loop to the tuyere to hook the upper edge inside
tuyere; the lower part of hook head tightly raise upward to prevent falling off during vibration;
• 从导链环里将大拉钩伸进风口里，使大拉钩勾住风口内上缘，钩头下面用小打钩向上顶紧，防止震
打时脱落。
• 38.6 Pull sliding hammer to loosen tuyere and take off tuyere;
• 拉动滑锤，将风口震松后取下。
• 38.6 Evenly enlarge 15-30mm lower half of inner loop in the space accommodating the tuyere
with duck-mouth steel bar; if solidified iron exists in tuyere front, remove and clean by scratching
or gas cutting;
• 用鸭嘴钢钎将容装风口的空间内环下半圈均匀的扩大 15-30mm 。如果风口前端有凝铁，应一同抠
或烧掉，并清理干净。
• 38.7 Move new tuyere fully charged with water in second jacket of tuyere, support cooling water
pipe, strike with small striking hook, align the small striking hook and tighten to ensure airtight
tuyere, and then install tuyere mandril;
• 将灌满水的新风口搬进风口二套内，撑住冷却水管，用小打钩往里打击，摆正打紧，确保严密，然
后装上风口顶杆。
• 38.8 The plumber should timely connect the water pipe and connect it to water supply;
• 配管工及时连接水管并通水。
• 38.9 After installation of air pipe and cooling water pipe, fully close big and small covers of
peephole;
• 风管及水冷管安装好后，关好视孔大、小盖。
• 38.10 Notify the shift foreman to supply air after inspection and verification;
• 经检查、确认后通知工长送风。
• 38.12 Lift used tuyere (Air pipe) away from tuyere platform, tidy up tools and clean up field;
• 旧风口 ( 风管 ) 吊离风口平台，收拾工具，清理现场。
• 38.13 In removing air pipe, do not stand opposite to wedge pin to prevent injury by bouncing
wedge pin;
• 拆卸风管时，严禁站在楔销对面，慎防楔销飞出伤人。
• 38.14 During lifting big drag hook, hold it firmly without slipping out of hand to prevent injury;
• 抬大拉钩时，必须全力以赴，不准脱手，以防伤人。
• 38.15 During pulling out damaged tuyere, exercise extra care to prevent scald by puffing steam;
• 往外拖坏风口时，防止蒸汽喷出伤人。
• 38.16 Exercise extra care to prevent injury during replacement of tuyere when there’re busy
operators and littering of materials;
• 因更换风口现场人多物杂，慎防伤人。
• Chapter 5 Prevention and Solutions of Tapping Accidents and Failures/ 出铁事故及故障的
预防及处理
• Inadequate maintenance and abnormal condition of taphole are likely to cause various accidents
as a result of some subjective factors or improper operations, which could impair normal BF
production, extended BF staying treatment, grievous equipment damage and casualty as well as
additional burdensome workload of manual labor. Therefore, BF operation should be performed
strictly according to operation specifications to prevent occurrence of BF accident. In the event of
BF accident, the operator should keep calm and treat with decisiveness and timeliness to avoid
worsening of the accident and minimizing loss.
• 在铁口维护不好，铁口不正常的情况下，往往会因为某些客观原因或操作不当造成各种事故，轻则
影响高炉的正常生产，重则迫使高炉长时间休风处理，甚至造成设备损坏和人身伤亡，并额外增加
许多繁重的体力劳动。因此，炉前操作应严格遵守操作规程，防止事故的发生。一旦发生事故，应
沉着、冷静、果断及时地处理，避免事故扩大化，尽量减少损失。
• Symptoms, causes and remedies with taphole accidents
• 铁口事故发生的现象、产生的原因及处理方法
• Symptoms, causes and remedies with taphole accidents are listed in Table 2-6.
• 铁口事故的现象、原因及处理方法：
• Symptoms, Causes and Remedies with Taphole Accidents
• 铁口事故发生的现象、产生的原因及处理方法如表 2-6
• Mud gun is the most important BF equipment, which should usually be maintained in good
condition to prevent failure of stopping taphole due to mud feeding accident during tapping
operation. In case of failure and accident of mud feeding and manual stopping of taphole, manual
stopping of taphole must be carried out after full tapping and release of air pressure or staying.
With developing BF operation technical level and application of various advanced technologies,
taphole accidents tend to become less on a yearly basis.
• 泥炮是炉前最重要的设备，平时应加强维护，防止出铁时因泥炮事故而堵不上铁口。一旦泥炮发生
故障和事故不得不采用人工堵铁口时，人工堵口必须在出净渣铁和拉风或休风后才可进行。随着高
炉操作技术水平的提高和各种先进技术的采用，铁口事故有逐年减少的趋势。