Air Pollution

Group 1
Batiforra | Encarnacion | Llamas |
Rombaon
Outline
• Definition
• Impact
• Solutions
Manila smog (2012)
Source: http://dennisthernblog.com/manila-smog-2012/
View of smog from UP ICE building (photo taken 7:30 AM, 06 March 2019)
Photo credit: Mark Joseph Fabro
AIR POLLUTION
● Air pollution is a mix of particles and gases that
can reach harmful concentrations both outdoors
and indoors. Its effects can range from higher
disease risks to rising temperatures.
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION

A. AMBIENT (OUTDOOR) AIR POLLUTION

B. HOUSEHOLD (INDOOR) AIR POLLUTION

TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION
● AMBIENT (OUTDOOR) AIR POLLUTION

Outdoor air pollution originates from natural

and anthropogenic (human) sources. While natural sources
contribute substantially to local air pollution in arid regions
more prone to forest fires and dust storms, the contribution
from human activities far exceeds natural sources.
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION
● AMBIENT (OUTDOOR) AIR POLLUTION
Human activities that are major sources of outdoor air pollution
include:
● Fuel combustion from motor vehicles
● Heat and power generation (eg. oil and coal power plants and boilers)
● Industrial facilities (eg. manufacturing factories, mines and oil
refineries)
● Municipal and agricultural waste sited and waste incineration/burning
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION
● AMBIENT (OUTDOOR) AIR POLLUTION
Natural major sources of outdoor air pollution include:
● Sand storms
● Forest fires
● Volcanic activities
● Wind-blown dusts
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION
● HOUSEHOLD (INDOOR) AIR POLLUTION

Indoor air pollution is caused by cooking with

kerosene and solid fuels such as coal and wood in polluting stoves,
open lamps and fires. Cooking and heating with polluting fuels and
technologies produces high levels of household air pollution which
includes a range of health damaging pollutants such as fine particles
and carbon monoxide.
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
● PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANT

Harmful substance that is emitted directly into

the atmosphere

● SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANT

Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a
primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally
found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutant
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
● PARTICULATE MATTER
● CARBON MONOXIDE
● HYDROCARBONS
● LEAD
● NITROGEN OXIDES
● SULFUR OXIDES
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)

● Thousands of different solid or liquid particles suspended

in air
● Sea salt, soot, soil dust, volcanic particles and smoke from
forest fires
● Fine particles are an especially strong indicator of health
risks, as they can penetrate deep into the lungs, enter the
bloodstream, and travel to organs.
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
● Anthropogenic sources include motor vehicles, fossil fuel
burning for electricity and heat, industrial processes, solid
waste disposal, and miscellaneous burning of things such
as leaves
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
HYDROCARBONS
● Auto paint shop, chemical plants, dry cleaning facilities,
auto emissions, waste facilities, and service stations. They
are also used in the manufacturing of paint and glue as
solvents.
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
LEAD
● Volcanic activity and airborne soil
● Leaded gasoline and automobiles are the major sources of
atmospheric lead
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX)
● From combustion processes
● Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can be often seen as a reddish-
brown layer over urban areas
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
SULFUR OXIDES
● Combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur yields sulfur
dioxide
HEALTH IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
ACID RAIN

The dissolution of nitrate in a water droplet allows for the formation of nitric
acid, which partly accounts for acid rain found downwind of industrialized areas.
When oxides of sulfur reacts with water, it forms sulfuric acid and contributes to acid
rain.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
VEGETATIONS

Plant growth may be inhibited by continuous exposure to NO2. Air pollution

also reduces crop and forest yields and increases plant vulnerability to disease, pests
and harsh weather.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
AIR POLLUTION IN THE GLOBAL SCALE

Source: World Health Organization

AIR POLLUTION IN THE GLOBAL SCALE
HOUSEHOLD (INDOOR) POLLUTION:

● 3.8 MILLION deaths are attributed to household air pollution annually

● 3 BILLION + people globally rely on polluting energy sources for cooking

● 50% of pneumonia deaths in children under 5 years old are due to household air
pollution
AIR POLLUTION IN THE GLOBAL SCALE
AMBIENT (OUTDOOR) POLLUTION:

● 4.2 MILLION deaths worldwide every year are attributed to ambient air
pollution

● 91% of the world’s population live in places exceeding WHO air quality
guidelines
AIR POLLUTION IN THE GLOBAL SCALE
OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE
● Ozone thinning/hole was first identified in 1985 over Antarctica
● It is caused by human produced bromine and chlorine containing chemicals (eg.
CFCs)

Source: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11781
AIR POLLUTION IN THE GLOBAL SCALE
Worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for:

● 29% of all deaths and disease from lung cancer

● 17% of all deaths and disease from acute lower respiratory infection
● 24% of all deaths from stroke
● 25% of all deaths and disease from ischaemic heart disease
● 43% of all deaths and disease from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

From: https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts/en/
AIR POLLUTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
● 4,000 Filipinos (in Manila alone) die each year from air pollution.
● PH ranks second for deadly indoor pollution and third for outdoor pollution in
Asia Pacific in World Health Organization (WHO) list (May 2018).

<pakidagdagan pa to especially for the case of metro manila.

Meron akong data pero walang nakaindicate na year kung kailan
nakuha e so di ko malagay>
WHO GUIDELINES FOR AIR QUALITY
<see https://www.who.int/airpollution/en/ para sa part na to>

<pakisearch na rin kung ano yung safe level ng particulate matter (PM) according sa
WHO (in PMn/m3 yata, yung n ay yung diameter ng particle)>

<maybe paki include rin kung pano sinusukat yung severity ng air pollution (search
nyo na lang yung air quality index) and also yung technology for that>
GLOBAL INITIATIVES
<this can include initiatives taken by WHO in different countries
like awareness seminars, implementation ng policies ganun>

<baka may existing technologies used by developed countries to

lessen air pollution and aid in current effects rin>
LOCAL INITIATIVES
LOCAL INITIATIVES
LOCAL INITIATIVES
CLEAN AIR ACT (RA 8749)
● is a comprehensive air quality management policy and
program which aims to achieve and maintain healthy air
for all Filipinos.
“ Addressing air pollution and climate change are top
priorities for WHO, but they are not challenges that
individuals or the health sector alone can solve. We need
urgent action across energy, agriculture, transport, housing
and beyond to ensure a healthy and sustainable future.”

- Dr. Shin Young-soo, WHO Regional Director for the Western Pacific
Thank you for listening!
REFERENCES:
● https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/993
● https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/world/338640/flights-delayed-as-air-
pollution-hits-record-high-in-shanghai/story/
● https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/pollution/
● http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/05/02/PH-2nd-WHO-indoor-pollution-Asia-
Pacific.html
● https://www.who.int/airpollution/en/
● Lecture slides by Asst. Prof. Ma. Brida Lea Diola (UP ICE)