COMPOSITE FLOORS - 1

1
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 INTRODUCTION

• Composite deck slabs are competitive where;

– Concrete floor has to be completed quickly
– Medium level of fire protection to steel work is sufficient
• Composite deck slabs are unsuitable when;
– There is heavy concentrated loading or dynamic loading
• Structural behaviour - Similar to R.C. slab, with the steel
sheeting acting as the tension reinforcement

2
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 3
 INTRODUCTION - 1

• Benefits of using composite floors with profiled

steel decking are:
– Savings in steel weight are 30% to 50% over
non-composite construction
– Greater stiffness of composite beams results
in shallower depths for the same span. Hence
lower storey heights are adequate resulting in
savings in cladding costs, reduction in wind
loading and savings in foundation costs.
– Faster rate of construction.

4
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 INTRODUCTION - 2

• Steel decking performs a number of roles, such as:

– Acts as a working platform during construction
– Develops adequate composite action with concrete to resist
the imposed loading
– Transfers in-plane loading by diaphragm action to vertical
bracing or shear walls
– Stabilises the compression flanges of the beams against
lateral buckling, until concrete hardens
– Reduces the volume of concrete in tension zone
– Distributes shrinkage strains, thus preventing serious
cracking of concrete

5
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
Composite floor system using profiled sheets
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 6
 • Care has to be taken in construction of composite
floors with profiled decking to prevent excessive
'ponding'

Ponding in profiled decking, due to the weight of concrete

7
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

• Profiled decking

• Shear connectors

• Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses

• Connections
– Generally designed as “simple” connections

8
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 Dovetail profile Chevron indents

Horizontal indents Circular indents

Different profiles used

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 9

 Double stud butt joint Typical edge detail

Typical end cantilever

Side cantilever with stud bracket

Deck profiles and typical details

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 10
 Stages of profiled sheeting design

• Construction stage
– Profiled steel deck acts alone to carry weight of wet
concrete, self weight, workmen and equipments
• Composite beam stage
– Area of concrete used in calculating section properties can
only be that depth of slab above top flange of profile
• Composite slab stage
– Steel sheeting provides adequate tensile capacity in order
to act with concrete in bending

11
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 Bending Resistance of Composite Slab

• Neutral axis above sheeting (Full shear

connection)
Ap f yp
N cf  N pa 
 ap

Ncf = 0.36 fck.b.x

Ap = Effective area per meter width

fyp = Yield strength of steel
ap = Partial safety factor (1.15)

12
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 Resistance of composite slab to sagging bending

0.445 fck
0.42x
x Ncf Ncf
Ncf

hc x
dp
ht z
= + Nac
Na
Ncf
Na Mpr
e e Nac
p
Centroidal axis
bo Area Ap

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 13

 BENDING RESISTANCE OF COMPOSITE SLAB - 1

• Neutral axis depth x is given by

N cf
x
b 0.36 f ck 
– Valid when x  hc, i.e. when the neutral axis lies above
steel decking
• Design resistance to sagging bending moment
Mp.Rd = Ncf (dp - 0.42 x)

14
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 • Neutral axis within sheeting (Full shear connection)

Moment of resistance is given by

Mp.Rd = (Ncf)z + Mpr

Ncf = (b * hc )0.36 fck

 N cf 
M pr  1.25 M pa 1    M pa
 N pa 

z  ht  0.42 hc  e p
e p  e  N cf
N pa
15
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
Mpr / Mpa ht – 0.42hc – z

1.25
ep E
1.0 D
A

e F

B
C
0 1.0 Ncf / Npa 0 1.0 Ncf / Npa

(a) (b)

Resistant moment of profiles

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 16

 • Neutral axis within sheeting (Partial connection)

Moment of resistance is given by

Mp.Rd = Ncz + Mpr

 Nc 
M pr  1.25 M pa 1    M pa
 N cf 

z  ht  0.42 hc  e p
e p  e N c
N cf

17
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 Shear Resistance of Composite Slabs

Following three types of mechanisms are mobilised:

– Natural bond between concrete and steel due to
adhesion
– Mechanical interlock provided by dimples on sheet
and shear connectors
– Provision of end anchorage by shot fired pins or
by welding studs when sheeting is made to rest on
steel beams

18
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 Shot fired stud

Angle bracket for two pin fixing Self drilling and tapping screws

Connector details

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 19

 Resistance to longitudinal shear

• Failure of the beam is initiated by one of the following three

modes:
– Flexure (A- A)
– Shear at support (B - B)
– Shear bond mode (C - C)

C  A
s s

B B

C A

20
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 Evaluation of shear capacity of profiled sheets using m – k test

• Influence of bond is minimised by application of

several thousand cycles of repeated loading up to 1.5
times service load, before loading to failure
• Length of each shear span (s) is usually (span /4) for
UDL - span is typically 3 metres
• Expected mode of failure in a test depends on ratio of
(s) to effective depth (dp) of slab.
• Test specimen of breadth "b" should include four or
five complete wavelengths of sheeting

21
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 w
/2 /2
(a) Composite slab w

w
(b) Shear force w/2
0 0
Equal areas
w
-w
(c) Shear force
0
0
-w
s = 3  /8

Illustration of evaluation of shear spans

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 22
 m - k test

Concrete slab
Profiled sheeting

V s  s

A typical test arrangement

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 23

 m-k test details

B
 
V / bdp  

A
 
  • m - broad measure of mechanical
tan-1(m) interlock
• k - Represents friction load

Ap / bs

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 24

 Resistance to vertical shear

• Resistance to vertical shear is mainly provided by concrete

ribs

• Resistance of a concrete slab with ribs of effective width b0 at

a spacing of b is

Vv.Rd = (b0/b)dp Rd kv (1.2 + 40) per unit width

25
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 SERVICEABILITY CRITERIA

Composite slab is checked for following

serviceability criteria:

• Cracking
– Normally crack width should not exceed 3 mm
– Provision of 0.4 % steel will normally avoid
cracking problems in propped construction and
provision 0.2 % of steel is sufficient in un-
propped construction

26
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 SERVICEABILITY CRITERIA - 1

• Deflection
– Deflection limitation - /180 or 20 mm which ever is less.
• Fire endurance
– It is assumed based on following two criteria:
 Thermal insulation criterion concerned with limiting
transmission of heat by conduction
 Integrity criterion concerned with preventing flames and
hot gases to nearby compartments

27
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 28
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 29
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 30
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 31
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 32
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 Actions and action effects on profiled steel sheeting
a) Imposed load on a 3 m ×3 m working area (or the
length of the span if less), with an intensity of 10%
of the self-weight of the concrete but ≤ 1.5 kN/m²
and ≥ 0.75 kN/m²
b) Imposed load of 0.75 kN/m²
c) Self weight load corresponding to the design
thickness of the slab plus pondingeffects if δ> h/

33
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 Neutral axis above the sheeting and full shear
connection (η= 1)

• Design compressive normal force in the concrete

flange:Nc,f= Np= Apefyp,d
• Depth of the concrete in compression xpl= Nc,f/
(0,85 fcdb) ≤hc
• Design moment resistance of the composite slab
in sagging bending MRd= Nc,f(dp-0,5 xpl)
34
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 Neutral axis within the sheeting and full shear
connection (η= 1)

• Design compressive normal force in the concrete

flange: Nc,f= 0,85 fcdb hc
• Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting:
• Lever arm

35
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras
 36
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT
Madras