Water Turbines

Presented By: Umair Fayyaz

2K18-MELE-14
 Water Turbines
What is Turbine:
• A turbine is rotary device that
absorbs energy from the fluid flow &
convert it into useful work.
• It has a moving part(shaft) with
blades are attached. The blades react
to flow , so that the blades move and
imparts rotational energy to the rotor.
What is Water
Turbine/hydraulic
Turbine/Hydro-Turbine:
• A mechanical device that converts
potential energy into the rotational
mechanical energy.
• The Water turbines are mostly found
in dams to generate electric power by
the water kinetic energy.
Classification according to the Water Head.. Classification according to the design of
1) Low Head Turbine..
2) Medium Head 1) Francis
3) High Head 2) Kaplan
4) Very High Head 3) Pelton

Some Classification of
Water Turbines...

Classification according to the working Classification according to the direction of

nature of the Turbine… Water Fall…
1) Impulse Turbine 1) Radial
2) Reaction Turbine 2) Axial
3) Tangential
 Pelton Turbine/Wheel
 A Pelton wheel is an impulse-type water
turbine invented by Lester Allan Pelton in
the 1870s.
 It is mostly used in that area where water head is
high and low discharge.
 It consists of one or more injectors …
i. To generate the high speed jet.
ii. Associated wheel with the bucket to receive jet
energy.

 An Injector must perform two functions…

i. Convert Pressure energy into the Kinetic Energy
ii. It is associated with the flow rate…
 Working Operation of Pelton Turbine
• The available energy exist as the potential
energy measured in the form of potential
difference.
• In first step the conversion of potential energy
into kinetic energy in the form of high speed jet.
• In the second step the conversion of kinetic
energy into mechanical energy is done by the
interaction of blade with the jet.
• A working principle for simplicity, consider a
spoon shaped blade of constant speed U is first
consider.
• The jet speed is measured by Bernoulli’s Equation…
Co= 2𝑔ℎ
where h is net pressure head
• The impulsive force on blade is…
𝐹𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 =𝑚𝑐 𝑊 2 /Co *(1-cosβ2 )
• The Power received by the blade..
P=𝐹𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 *U
• The maximum hydraulic efficiency is…..
ηℎ,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.5(1-cosβ2 )
 Francis Turbines
 The most simplest and preferred type of
turbine is the Francis turbine, invented by
James Francis in Lowell, MA in 1848.
 This kind of turbine receives water at very
high pressure and causes the water exiting the
turbine to leave at a much lower pressure.
 This change in momentum is transferred to
the blades and forces the shaft to rotate at a
much greater frequency.
 This causes the Francis turbine to be capable
of much greater power output and therefore,
higher efficiency any other types of turbines.
 Components and Working Operation of
Francis Turbine
• Components are runner, runner blades, guide or stay vanes, spiral casing and draft tubes.
Calculations or relevant Equations
• Blade Velocity: 𝑉𝑟 1= Q/2π𝑟1 B
• Specific Speed: 𝑁𝑠 t=𝑁𝑝1/2 /𝐻5/4
• Guide Vane Angle: α1 =arcot(𝑟1 ω/𝑉𝑟 1+cotβ1 )
• Power Generated: P=γQHη𝑘
 Comparison between Pelton and Francis
Turbine….

Parameters of Turbine Pelton Wheel Francis Turbine

Operating Specific Speed
0.5-20 15-85
(Ns)
Operating flow (m3/s) 0.5-50 0.7-950
Operating Head (m) 100-1800 20-800
Maximum Power (MW) 300 1000
Highest Efficiency (per.) 93 94