The Sonata,continued: The Other

Movements
 Theme and Variations
 Theme and variations is a very common musical
structure you will come across, especially in classical
music.
 The structure is built upon a musical idea called the
theme which is played at the start of the piece.
 The theme can be as short as 8 bars in length or can be
much longer.
 It usually consists of a memorable melody with an
accompaniment of some sorts.
Minuet and Trio

 Minuet (an aristocratic dance in 3/4 meter)

 This section usually has a strong downbeat, and has a binary
design
 in which each sub-section is repeated.
 Trio (the texture is usually reduced to three structural lines)
 The "Trio" is noticeably lighter and sweeter than the Minuet.
 (As in the Minuet, each sub-section is repeated).
 The movement, then, has a large-scale ABA’ form: minuet–
trio–minuet da capo.
Ritornello

 Baroque predecessor to the rondo was the

ritornello. Ritornello form was used in the
fast movements of baroque concertos, and
in many baroque vocal and choral works.
 ritornello brings back the subject or main
theme in fragments and in different keys,
but the rondo brings back its theme
complete and in the same key.
 A common expansion of rondo form is to
combine it with sonata form, to create the
sonata rondo form.
 RONDO
is a lively movement suffused with the spirit of the dance

It is a profane musical
form of the French There are different forms of rondo,
Middle Ages based on both slow and fast
the repetition of a The most usual of a sonata is where the predominant
musical theme thing is to generate a feeling of fluidity

its symmetrical sections create a balanced

architecture that is satisfying esthetically and
easy to grasp
In a rondo, the main theme (A) usually develops
three times or more.
These repetitions alternate with musical themes
or episodes called contrasts
A. Theme
B. First episode in another key (dominant or
relative major / minor).
A. Repetition of the main theme.
C. Second episode in another key.
A. Repetition of the theme (sometimes with
variations).
In the classical period, Haydn, Mozart and
Beethoven incorporated the last
movement of their sonatas

Occasionally, sonata form includes an "episodic development,"

which uses mostly new thematic material. Two examples are
the first movements of Mozart's piano sonata K.
330 and Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 14, no. 1
The Sonata Cycle as a Whole
Beethoven´s 5th
Sonata form can be summed up by
splitting it in to three sections:

 • Exposition (A1)
 • Development (B)
 • Recapitulation (A2)

O Sometimes a Coda follow the

recapitulation, as in the case of
Beethoven’s Fifth
• Exposition (A1)
Development
 Development Section O As the name suggest,
this is the section of the piece where the
themes from the recapitulation are developed O
The composer is therefore creating new music
from existing ideas, be they melodic or rhythmic
 The music will travel through a number of keys
(composers such as Beethoven and his
successors pushed the boundaries and used
keys that were further and further from the
‘home’ key, or Tonic)
 Towards the end of the Development Section,
the composer has to find a way back to the
Tonic and to the Recapitulation, where the
themes of the exposition are replayed
Recapitulation
 Traditionally, the
recapitulation reestablishes
the tonic key after all the
explorations of the
development section O It
will sound pretty similar to
the exposition:
 The first and second
subject are played again,
but this time the second
subject should also be in
the tonic