EKC 377

RENEWABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES

SOLAR POWER IN MALAYSIA
GROUP 2

FARAH YASMIN BINTI MOHD NAWAWI 133619

LEE JIA YING 133629
NISHA A/P NAVAINTHRAN 133657
NURSYAZANA BINTI OMAR 133668
SRI WAHYUNI BINTI MOHAMMAD ZAIN 133682
1 • INTRODUCTION

2 • OBJECTIVE

3 • LATEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES AND RESPECTIVE EFFICIENCY

4 • CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGIES

5 OUTLINE
• PLACES DOES TECHNOLOGIES ARE BEING APPLIED

6 • APPLICATIONS IN MALAYSIA

7 • RELEVANT POLICIES IN MALAYSIA

8 • CONCLUSION

9 • REFERENCE
 To investigate the
challenges and
development of solar
energy

OBJECTIVE
To research and review
the policies regarding To study the solar energy
the renewable energy in sources in Malaysia
Malaysia
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
SOLAR to ELECTRICITY

alternative renewable

• Most abundant energy resources

• Naturally available
• Clean energy source
INTRODUCTION

• Average solar radiation:

Monthly : 400-600 MJ/m2
Daily : 4000-5000 Wh/m2
• Average sunshine duration :
4-8 h/day
LATEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
AND RESPECTIVE EFFICIENCY
Photovoltaic system (PV) cell panel Module array

 Direct conversion of sunlight into electricity using a semiconductor material

 Basically,
 Photon strikes the solar panel and absorbed by the semiconductor material
 Electron excited and it dissipates energy as heat
 Current flows through material to cancel the potential
 Electricity is produced
 Doping increased efficiency
Photovoltaic system (PV)
 Solar panel which are available in Malaysia:

Photovoltaic cell types Estimated efficiency

(%)
Mono-crystalline silicon 15-20
Poly-crystalline silicon 13-16
Copper-Indium-Diselenide (CIS) 10-13
Amorphous Silicon 6-8
Solar Thermal System (Household)
 Solar water heating systems (SWHs)
 REN 21 Global Status Report 2017
 nearly 456 GW of SWH systems were in
operation worldwide (2016)
 Malaysia => Electric Water Heating System (EWH)
 Inexpensive and easier installation
 110,000,000 m2 of building surface area are still
available
 Can provide roughly 75 GW
 SWH :
 direct & indirect
 active & passive
Solar Thermal System
 Concentrated solar power (CSP)
 Using hundreds of heliostats

Thermal Separate
Heat
Sunlight storage water- Turbine
Exchanger
tank filled pipe
 Technology System Heat transfer fluid Electricity generation

Solar Power Tower Vast fields of mirrors that Operating with molten Solar towers of Julich
- Operates at 565℃ concentrate sunlight onto salt due to its superior (Germany) produced 4.6
- Can store up to 15 a central tower heat transfer and energy MW from air heated to
hours storage capabilities 800℃

Parabolic Trough Large trough-shaped Using thermal oil 3.5 GW out of the total of
Collectors parabolic mirrors are used (Between 293℃ and 4.8 GW of installed CSP
- High toxicity and to concentrate sunlight 393℃) worldwide
flammable heat transfer onto a focal line point
fluid which is the insulated tube

Parabolic Dish Systems Mirrored parabolic dish Air is used as heat transfer Orion project in China
- Used in small scale concentrator are used to fluid produced about 60 MW
as it is lack of focus the sunlight onto the
storage system thermal receiver which can
transfer the heat to stirling
engine

Linear Fresnel Reflectors Modular flat reflectors are Water is used as the heat Do not exceed more than
- Similar trend as used to focus the sunlight transfer fluid 30 MW
parabolic dish systems onto elevated receiver
Solar Pond
 Using salt solution
 3 different layers of salt concentration solution:
i. bottom layer - concentrated (saturated) salt solution
ii. middle layer - a decreasing salt concentration
iii. top layer - fresh water
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
 Upper layer of the ocean
 solar heat collecting surface / thermal storage
 Small temperature difference
 10 - 30℃
 Lower heat to electricity conversion.
 Inefficient
 11 %
CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT
OF THE TECHNOLOGIES
• Spray-on technology
• Perovskite cells

Quantum dots solar

cell (QDSC)
PLACES THAT TECHNOLOGIES
ARE BEING APPLIED
Photovoltaic system
First Solar
Silicon Malaysia
PV cell developed （1954）

 Kulim Hi-Tech Park First village PV system

 Advanced thin-film PV modules• 3.5 kW PV system
 486.72 kW pDC
Largest manufacturing
facility
6.084 modules
(1979) connected with 33 kW grid system
 2000 kWh/day or 60000 kWh/month First grid-supported PV
 Tilt• angle
1 MW of PV
10˚modules in a system
year
• 500 kW PV system

First Solar Malaysia (2008)

Solar Water Heating System

■ Bridgers-Paxton Building (National Historic Register)

– First solar heated office
– Albuquerque, New Mexico
■ North Carolina Home
– For heating during winter
– For shading during summer
■ Malaysia:
– Solar water heater
– Solar pool heating
– Solar air conditioning
– Solar refrigerator
Concentrated Solar Power
Noor Complex
■ In Sahara Desert
■ Estimated (once completed by 2020)
– Supply electricity of 580 MW capacity for over 1 million people
■ Noor 1 (since 2016)
– Provided 160 MW capacity
■ Implemented parabolic trough technologies
■ Molten salt storage
PS 10 Solar Thermal Power
■ Gemasolar – in Andalusia, Spain
■ With 624 large heliostats
■ Expected
– To generate about 11 MW per year
■ Capable to generate electricity all day and night
■ Molten salt as thermal energy storage
– 60% potassium nitrate and 40% sodium nitrate
■ Conversion of solar energy into electricity
– 14.4%
Andasol 1 Solar Power Station
■ in Andalusia, Spain
■ Europe’s first parabolic trough commercial power plant
■ Briefly,
– 620000 curved mirrors concentrated the sunlight onto tubes
which filled with a synthetic oil
– The oil is heated to almost 750 degrees Fahrenheit
– Where it is used to produces steam
Concentrated Solar Power
Malaysia
■ Not included in the high insolation zone
– Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) of at least 1900-2000 kWh/m2/year
– Clouds reduced the annual production
Thailand
– DNI at 1350-1400 kWh/m2/year
■ TSE 1
– Supplied 5 MW of electrical power in 2012
APPLICATIONS IN MALAYSIA
Six-pilot grid connected PV system
(1998-2002)
• 2.8kWp - 3.8kWp

Building Integrated Photovoltaic

(BIPV)
• Port Dickson (2000): 3.15kWp
• Shah Alam (2000): 3.24kWp
• Subang Jaya (2001): 2.8kWp
 To enhance application of solar energy
• SURIA 1000 PROJECT
• MALAYSIAN BUILDING INTEGRATED
PHOTOVOLTAIC

PROJECTS

“GHG Emissions Reductions in Targeted Industrial Sub-Sectors through EE

and Application of Solar Thermal Systems in Malaysia”
• 5 year project
• Embarked by United Nations Industrial Development Organization
(UNIDO)
• Raising the awareness and capacity building program related to solar
thermal heating and cooling system
SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND
COOLING SYSTEM

CONCENTRATING

NON-CONCENTRATING
 2009
• 45000m2 of collector
area
• Increment 45%
NON-CONCENTRATING • Dominant the market
about 95% (flat plate
collector)
RELEVANT POLICIES IN
MALAYSIA
 National Depletion
Policy
(1980)
Malaysia’s National Four-Fuel
Energy Policy Diversification Policy
(1979) (1981)

10th Malaysia Plan

POLICY Five-Fuel Diversification
Strategy in 8th
(2011-2015) Malaysia Plan
(2001-2005)

National Green
9th Malaysia Plan
Technology Policy
(2006-2010)
(2009)
CONCLUSION
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Key policies, agencies, programmes and international involvements.
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the Perspective of Energy Security for Buildings,
[3] Mekhilef S., Safari A., Mustaffa W.E.S., Saidur R. et al. (2011). Solar energy in Malaysia: Current
state and prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review
REFERENCE
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[5] Islam M.R., Saidur R., Rahim N.A., Solangi K.H. (2010). Usage of solar energy and its status in
Malaysia. Engineering e-Transaction, 5, 6-10.
[6] New Technologies in Solar Power Generation: Learn about Advances in Solar Energy. Retrieved
from https://greentumble.com/new-technologies-in-solar-power-generation/
[7] Quantum dot Solar Cells are Coming. Retrieved from
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[8] U.S. Departmenet of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. The History of Solar.
Retrieved from https://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/solar_timeline.pdf
[9] Ecotricity. Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). https://www.ecotricity.co.uk/our-green-
energy/power-purchase-agreement.
[10] The Guardian. James Randerson. (2017) Spray on and printable: what’s next for the solar
panel market. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-
business/2017/may/04/solar-renewables-energy-thin-film-technology-perovskite-cells
 [11] Mongabay.com. Malaysia Forest Information and Data. Retrieved from
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REFERENCE
[14] WONDERFUL MALAYSIA. Climate in Malaysia. Retrieved from
http://www.wonderfulmalaysia.com/malaysia-climate-and-monsoon.htm.
[15] SOLAR RESERVE. Molten salt energy storage. Retrieved from
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[16] Go Solar California. History of Solar Energy in California. Retrieved from
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[17] Energy Division, North Carolina Department of Commerce. (June 1999) Solar homes for North
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[18] Origin. (October 2018) 5 largest solar farms in the world. Retrieved from
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[19] Clean Technica. Nicholas Brown. (2011) World’s First Solar Power Plant that Works at Night
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[20] (EAI) Catalyzing Cleantech & Sustainability, Solar Thermal Technologies. Retrieved from
http://www.eai.in/ref/global/ae/sol/soltherm/solar_thermal.html
 [21] U.S. Mission to Asean. Solar Thermal Policy in Malaysia: Potential, Bariers and Action Plans for
the Industry. Retrieved from https://asean.usmission.gov/innovasean_20150915/
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REFERENCE
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technology
[23] Rosnami Affandi. et all. (December 2013). A Review of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) in
Malaysian Environment. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 3,
2249-8958
[24] Dr. Samsudin bin Hitam. (August 1999) Sustainable Energy Policy and Strategies: A Pre-
Requisite for the Concerted Development and Promotion of the Renewable Energy in Malaysia.
[25] Mohamed A.R. and Lee Keat Teong. (Dicember 2004) Energy Policy for Sustainable
Development in Malaysia.
[26] Solangi K.H., Lwin T.N.W., Rahim N.A. et all. (June 2011) Development of Solar Energy and
Present Policies in Malaysia
[27] Fayaz H., Rahim N.A., Saidur R. et all. (2011) Solar Energy Policy: Malaysia VS Developed
Countries
[28] Tick Hui Oh, Shen Yee Pang and Shing Chyi Chua. (2010) Energy policy and alternative energy
in Malaysia: Issues and challenges for sustainable growth
thank you
 Q&A
session