Professional Documents
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LEARNING SERVICES
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
Hardness
Hardness and Strength are closely associated
properties of materials; refers to the ability of a metal
to resist penetration or permanent distortion.
Strenght
Is a ability of a material to resist deformation (resist
stress without breaking).
Malleability
Is a metal properties which can be hammered, rolled, or
pressed into various shapes without cracking, breaking.
{usually increase with temp (hot working process)}.
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MATERIALS
Ductility
Is the property of a metal which permits it to be
permanently drawn (extended). Ductility metals
increase as temperature increase.
Elasticity
Is that property which enables a metal to return to its
original shape when the force removed.
Toughness
Ability a metal to resist suddenly applied loads.
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MATERIALS
Brittleness
Is the property of a metal which allows little bending
or deformation to shattering.
Conductivity
Is the property which enables a metal to carry heat or
electricity.
Plasicity
The ability to retain a deformation after the load
producing it has been removed.
These properties can be assessed by laboratory
tested.
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MATERIALS
Tensile Test
By applying increasing loads to test specimen until
fractures, to determine strength of material.
Strength (Tensile Stress), the pieces able to sustain a
maximum load called STRESS.
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MATERIALS
Strain
As load in tensile is increased cause the material
extends in length.
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MATERIALS
Load/Extension.
Load
A
C
Yield Point Fracture
0
Hooke’s Law. Extension
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MATERIALS
Stress/Strain.
Stress is the Force per unit area, Strain is the extension
per unit Ultimate
length.Tensile
Stress
Stress
B
Reduces cross-sectional
A
(necks)
Yield point
Strain
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
Three methods of making steel:
• OPEN HEARTH Process - obtained by burning a mixture of gas
and air.
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
XXXXX
10,11,12,15 Carbon Steel
23,25 Nickel Steel
31,32,33,34 Nickel chromium
Major alloying element
Carbon range
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MATERIALS
10
0 30
10,11,12,15 Carbon Steel
Plain Carbon-steel
.30% of carbon
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
HEAT TREATMENT OF NON FERROUS METAL:
• Solution Heat Treatment
• Precipitation Heat Treatment
The hardening of an aluminum alloy by heat treatment process
consists:
• Heating to predetermined temperature (solution heat
treatment),
• Soaking at temperature (specified length of time),
• Rapidly quenching (relatively low temperature) and
• Aging or precipitation hardening (spontaneously at room
temperature).
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MATERIALS
Alclad, is a protective covering of a thin sheet pure aluminum
5.5% on the surface of an aluminum alloy (Zinc chromate is a
protective that can be applied to an aluminum surface, used a
primer on steel surfaces).
Alclad is the name given to standard aluminum alloys that have
been coated on both sides with a thin layer of pure aluminum,
has very good corrosion-resisting qualities and is used
exclusively for exterior surfaces of aircraft.
Alclad sheets are available in all tempers of 2014, 2017, 7075,
and 7178.
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
Temp 0C
Temp of material
B
900
A
700
500
Rates of cooling
200
C D E F G
Time
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
The soaking period depends on both the mass of the
part and the type of metal
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MATERIALS
Carburizing
A case-hardening process by which carbon is added to the
surface of low-carbon steel. The case of steel becomes
hardened and the core remains soft and tough.
Method of carburizing
• Pack Carburizing
Packed in a container with charcoal or other material rich in
carbon, heated to approximately 1,700° F and soaked at that
temperature for several hours.
• Gas Carburizing
A material rich in carbon introduced into the furnace atmosphere
by the use of various gases or by the burning of oil, wood, or other
materials.
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MATERIALS
Carburizing
A case-hardening process by which carbon is added to the
surface of low-carbon steel. The case of steel becomes
hardened and the core remains soft and tough.
Method of carburizing
• Liquid Carburizing
The steel is placed in a molten salt bath contains the
chemicals required to produce a case.
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MATERIALS
Cyaniding
Type of case hardening that is fast and efficient.
Preheated steel is dipped into a heated cyanide bath and
allowed to soak this process produces a thin, is not used in
aircraft work; that cyanide salts are a deadly poison.
Nitriding
This method produces the hardest surface.
It differs from the other methods in that the individual parts
have been heat-treated and tempered before nitriding, heated
in a furnace that has an ammonia gas.
The part is placed in a special nitriding furnace and heated to a
temperature of approximately 1,000° F
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
The greater carbon content; the steel becomes to heat-
treatment and its increase strength and hardness, its decreases
malleability and weld ability.
NICKEL
3 to 3.75 % nickel are commonly used combining nickel with
carbon steel SAE 2330 (increases the hardness, tensile strength,
and elastic limit).
NICKEL ALLOYS
- Nimonics, group of nickel alloy contains 50-80% nickel with chrome
(low coefficient of expansion).
- Inconel & Hastelloy, temp and corrosion resistance.
- Monel, 68% nickel & 29% copper is non-magnetic excellent resist
corrosion and chemical.
- K-monel, monel alloyed with all 2–4 % become hard.
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MATERIALS
CHROMIUM (CHROME)
Chromium steel is high in hardness, strength, and corrosion
resistant properties.
- 1.5% chrome, in hi-carbon 1% steel (low chrome steels, 1.5-3%).
Steels > 12% chrome corrosion resist or Stainless Steel in this
category. 18/8, 18% chrome and 8% nickel.
MANGANESE
- 1.5% manganese, steel is strong and hard. Small amount
manganese are used in welding rods.
TUNGSTEN
- Extremely high melting, tungsten steel are used for contact-
breaker, high speed cutting tools.
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MATERIALS
COBALT
HSS in addition to chrome, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten
to improve ability to cut at high working temperatures.
VANADIUM
Improves the strength without loss of ductility, its toughness and resist
to fatigue (spring).
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MATERIALS
Various methods of hardness test for Mechanical Standard
Test:
• Brinell
For determining the hardness of metallic
material.
Uses a hardened spherical ball, which is
forced into the surface of the metal.
The load is applied by hydraulic pressure
(hand pump or an electric motor), a press
gauge indicates the amount of pressure.
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MATERIALS
Various methods of hardness test for Mechanical Standard
Test:
• Brinell
3,000 kilograms (6,600 pounds) be
maintain at least 10 sec is used for ferrous
metals and 500 kilograms at least 30 sec
for nonferrous metals.
To determine the Brinell hardness
number, the diameter of the impression is
first measured, using microscope than
converted into the Brinell Hardness
Number (BHN).
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
• Vickers
Use Pyramid (diamond) identer, like Brinell by applying a load
to an identer.
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MATERIALS
• Vickers
VHN, measured by average diagonals (d1 and d2), convert to
the table.
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MATERIALS
• Rockwell
Measures depth and hardness is
indicated directly on a dial attached.
Types of penetration are used a Diamond
cone or hardened steel Ball. The results
of each penetrator and load combination
are reported on separate scales,
designated by letters (Penetrator, Major
load, and the Scale vary with the kind of
metal being tested).
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MATERIALS
• Rockwell
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MATERIALS
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