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原文: As interest in the autotelic personality has grown, researchers have

sought a way to measure it with naturalistic data generated by the ESM.

中譯:隨著對自成目標人格特質的興趣日益增加,研究員找到了一個
中譯:
方法,那就是利用 ESM 所產生的自然數據來測量。
原文: “ Time spent in the high-challenge, high-skill situations
conductive to flow” has been the most widely used measure of the
general propensity toward flow.

中譯:「將時間投入在高度挑戰性、高度技能性的情況下會產生心
中譯:
流。」以上是最被廣泛使用在心流傾向的衡量。
原文: However, time in flow also reflects the range of action opportunities
that happen to be available in the individual’s environment during the
sampling period.

中譯:然而在實驗取樣期間,心流時間上的長短,受限於個人在環境中
中譯:
所能活動的範圍。
原文: Other researchers therefore have operationalized the disposition
as “intrinsic motivation in high-challenge, high skill situation,” reflected in
low mean scores on the item “I wish to be doing something else” when
subjective challenges and skills are both above average.

中譯:而當受測者主觀上認為外部挑戰和自我技術都在水準之上時,在
中譯:
「我希望能做其它的事情」的問項上會反映出較低的平均分數。其
它的研究員將這個傾向視為 「在高度挑戰性、高度技能性情況下的
內在動機」。
原文: We anticipate that measures of psychological capital will encompass
what has been known as autotelic personality, such as the possession of
“meta-skills” for the regulation of experience.

中譯:我們也期盼心理資本的衡量能包含此人格特質的相關內容,例如
中譯:
因為經驗的調節所擁有的後設技能。
原文: According to this model, experiencing flow encourages a person to
persist in and return to an activity because of the experiential rewards it
promises, and thereby fosters the growth of skills over time.

中譯:根據這個模型,由於有了經驗上的確定報酬,使得體驗心流能夠
中譯:
促使一個人在活動中努力不懈,並且還會返回此活動中;因此,一段
時間後也加速了技能上的成長。
原文: Several studies linked flow to commitment and achievement during
high school. A longitudinal ESM study of talented high school students
showed a relationship between quality of experience and persistence.
Students still committed to their talent area at age 17 were compared to
peers who had disengaged.

中譯:而有些研究將心流和高中時的奉獻及成就相連接。在一個縱貫性的
中譯:
ESM 研究中,對於了解自己才能的高中生進行剖析,發現了經驗的品質
以及對於活動的持續性之間的關係,因為他們到了 17 歲時,仍然奉獻
於他們的擅長領域,反觀其他同儕則早已脫離了當初活動的領域。
原文: Four years earlier, those currently still committed had experienced
more flow and less anxiety than their peers when engaged in school-
related activities; they also were more likely to have identified their talent
area as a source of flow.

中譯:原因是在四年前,這些目前仍持續奉獻的學生,當初從事學校相
中譯:
關活動時,他們比其它同儕經歷了更多的心流和較少的焦慮,因此也
更有可能將他們的擅長的領域視為心流的來源。
原文: In a longitudinal study of students talented in mathematics, those
who experienced flow in the first part of a course performed better in the
second half, controlling for initial abilities and GPA 。

中譯:而在另一個有關數學資優生的縱貫性研究中,課程的一開始就能
中譯:
感受到心流的學生,在下半部份也會表現較好,並且掌握了該課的基
礎能力和 GPA 。
原文: In studies of two university courses, flow predicted semester-end
performance.

中譯:同時,也在兩所大學課程的研究發現,心流能夠預測學生在期末
中譯:
的表現。
原文: Because the self grows through flow experiences, we also might
expect time spent in flow to predict self-esteem. Correlational studies with
ESM data support this expectation.

中譯:因為自我透過心流的體驗而不斷地成長,所以我們也能預期藉由
中譯:
在心流上所花的時間去預測一個人的自尊。而且在相關 ESM 研究數據
中,也支持了我們上述的論點。
原文: In the work domain, several studies connected flow to such positive
outcomes as work satisfaction. Researchers linked teachers’ experience of
flow to students’ cognitive engagement and to students’ experience of
flow.

中譯:在工作的領域中,很多研究將心流連結為工作滿意的正向結果。
中譯:
而研究員將老師教學時的心流體驗,連結於學生上課時認知上的投入
以及心流的體驗。
原文: Longitudinal research suggests that in addition to enhancing
positive outcomes, mastering challenges in daily life may protect against
negative outcomes.

中譯:縱向研究顯示,心流除了能增強正向結果外,還可以掌控日常生
中譯:
活中面臨的挑戰,並且對抗負面結果產生。

正向結果

負向結果
原文: For adolescents who had experienced high adversity at home
and/or school, the availability of challenging activities, involvement in
these activities, and sense of success when engaged in them were all
associated with lower delinquency 2 years later.

中譯:對於那些曾經在家裡和
中譯: ( 或 ) 在學校面臨困境的青少年,接觸挑戰
性活動並且參與其中、甚至從中獲得成功感,兩年後會有較低的犯罪
率。
原文: The positive correlates and outcomes of flow undoubtedly account
for some of the interest paid to it in recent years. However, this interest, in
a sense, misses the point. From the perspective of the individual, the flow
state is a self-justifying experience; it is, by definition, an end in itself.

中譯:近年來,有關心流的正向相關事情和結果無疑地說明了我們對興
中譯:
趣付出的部分原因。但是,此處的興趣,就某種層面來說,迷失了重
點。從個人的觀點看來,心流的狀態是一段自我證明的體驗。就定義
上,它也是止於那次的心流。
原文: A distinct strand of research can be traced forward from the
original study of flow activities. In this work, interviews have yielded
domain-specific descriptions of deep flow in diverse activities: elite and
nonelite sport, social activism, aesthetic experience, literary writing, and
scholarly and creative work more generally.

中譯:一個研究上的顯著困境可以被追朔回最初心流活動的研究。在這
中譯:
個研究,訪談了在不同活動中,產生深度心流的特定領域描述:菁英
運動和非菁英運動、社會活動、美感經驗、文學寫作、博學和創意性
的工作等。
原文: These studies confirm how universal the flow state is across
different activities. Research also is yielding nuanced pictures of flow
within particular contexts. The dynamics of flow are being studied in
domains including sports and games, computer and Web usage,
education, and work.

中譯:這些研究確認了心流狀態在不同活動間的普遍性。研究也顯示了
中譯:
在特定背景下心流間的微妙差異。心流動態的研究持續在不同領域中
,包括運動、遊戲、電腦和網路使用、教育、工作。
原文: A growing body of research addresses different educational
contexts. Studies of school types, pedagogies, and instructional practices
are illustrative.

中譯:越來越多的研究提供不同的教育內容,包含了學校類型、教學法
中譯:
以及教育學習。
原文: In an ESM study of middle schools, Montessori students
experienced more flow, and were more motivated in school, than students
attending matched traditional institutions.

中譯:對於中等學校的
中譯: ESM 研究,蒙特梭利的學生比一般傳統制度下的
學生經歷更多的心流,在學校更積極。
原文: Regarding classroom activities, active pedagogies such as
cooperative learning provided more flow than passive pedagogies such as
listening to lectures, both for high school and college students.

中譯:就高中及大學生的班級活動,主動教學法
中譯: ( 例如合作的學習 ) ,比
被動教學法 ( 例如聽演講 ) 提供了更多的心流。
原文: In a study of instructional-discourse strategies, Turner et al.
identified elementary school math classrooms where students reported
challenges and skills that were in balance and above average for the
sample.

中譯:在教學闡述方法的研究中,
中譯: Turner et al. 在研究樣本中,發現了一
所小學的數學課中,學生在挑戰和技能上不但處於平衡,還高於此研
究樣本的平均。
原文: The teachers tended to “scaffold” instruction, negotiating
understanding, giving autonomy, and encouraging intrinsic motivation,
rather than being highly directive and evaluative and using extrinsic
controls.

中譯:原因為這裡的老師傾向於提供教學支架,並且協調了解,給予自
中譯:
治,進而促使內在動機的激發;而非高度指導、評價及利用外在誘因
的控制。
原文: Turner and Meyer observe that supportive instructional practices are
critical if students are to embrace academic challenges rather than finding
them threatening, even when the challenges are carefully modulated.

中譯: Turner 和 Meyer 觀察到支持性的教育學習非常重要,取決於學生


是否接受學業上的挑戰而非自認為受到威脅 ( 即使當這個挑戰已被緩
和)。
原文: In addition to the research on learning, several studies have
addressed the work experience of teachers. A recent British study suggested
that primary and secondary teachers experience flow with high frequency,
and that their levels of flow may exceed those of workers in several other
professions. Research on teachers also has examined antecedents of flow.

中譯:除了在學習上的研究之外,許多研究提及老師們的工作經驗。近期
中譯:
的英國研究指出,不管小學和中學的老師,都能經歷高頻率的心流,而
且心流的層級也可能超出一些其它職業的工作者。在老師的研究中也檢
驗出產生心流的先決條件。
原文: Among facilitators identified are self-efficacy and job resources;
some of the latter (e.g., performance feedback) directly provide proximal
conditions for entering flow while others (e.g., social support, coaching by
supervisors) are thought to function like skills to help workers meet the
challenges of their work.

中譯:自我勝任感和工作資源被辨認為促進心流因子,某些的工作資源
中譯:
( 如:表現的回饋 ) 直接提供進入最接近心流的情況;然而其它工作資
源 ( 如:社會支持、被管理人輔導 ) 被認為是為了幫助工人達成工作
上挑戰的技能。
原文: Bakker’s work suggests that underprovision of resources, like
inadequate levels of skill, can lead to anxiety, and overprovision of
resources, like excess of skill, can lead to boredom.

中譯: Bakker 的研究顯示了資源的低度供應 ( 如:不足夠的技能層級 )


會導致焦慮;資源的過度供應 ( 如:過多的技能 ) 會導致無趣。
原文: A longitudinal study offered evidence of a “positive upward spiral”:
Both personal resources (i.e., self-efficacy beliefs) and organizational
resources (e.g., social support) positively affected work-related flow and,
in addition, work-related flow positively affected the resources that
workers mobilize.

中譯:一個縱貫性研究提供了「正向且往上螺旋」的證據:個人的資源
中譯:
( 如:自我勝任感的信念 ) 和組織中的資源 ( 如:社會支持 ) ,都正向
地影響了工作相關的心流,再者,工作相關的心流也會正向地影響工
人在資源上的調動。
原文: Also in the work context, an intriguing line of research concerns the
“paradox of work” first reported by Csikszentmihalyi and Lefevre in a U.S.
sample.

中譯:同樣在工作內容上,
中譯: Csikszentmihalyi 和 Lefevre 在美國的取樣中
,首次提出一個令人困惑的研究,也就是「工作矛盾」。
原文: ESM studies of Swiss and German workers have confirmed that flow
is higher at work and yet happiness or satisfaction is higher at leisure.

中譯:有關瑞士、德國工人的
中譯: ESM 研究,證實了工作時心流較高,然而
休閒時卻是愉悅或滿足感較高。
原文: Csikszentmihalyi and Lefevre suggested that cultural biases
undermine the perception of work as enjoyable despite the positive
quality of experience.

中譯: Csikszentmihalyi 和 Lefevre 表示文化上的偏見破壞了對工作應該


是享受的認知,儘管那是個正向經驗。
原文: Schallberger and Pfister’s fine-grained analysis of emotional states
in the two contexts suggests a second interpretation, that work does
indeed provide the positive activation associated with flow and long-term
growth, but leisure provides a reduction of negative activation (e.g., stress)
that is associated with short-term well-being.

中譯: Schallberger 和 Pfister 分析了兩個情緒狀態下的背景,提出了第


二種解釋:工作的確提供和心流及長期成長有關的正向活化,但休閒
提供了負向活化 ( 如:壓力 ) 的減低,因而導致短暫的幸福感。
原文: There is growing research interest in the temporal dynamics of flow,
across different time frames. The flow model distinguishes between
proximal conditions and elements of the flow state, but it does not specify
the temporal sequencing of these elements.

中譯:對於研究心流的時間動態
中譯: ( 在不同時間框架下 ) 的興趣日漸增加。
心流的模型區分了最接近心流狀態的狀況及心流狀態的元素,但這並
未明確說明這些元素的時間順序。
原文: Several researchers have addressed how these dimensions relate to
one another. For example, modeling of ESM data shows that attentional
involvement (concentrating and feeling involved) partially mediates the
relationship between optimal challenge and the experience of enjoyment.

中譯:許多研究者寫到這些向度彼此間是如何相互關聯。舉例來
中譯:
說, ESM 數據的模型建立顯示了專注力的投入 ( 專心及有參與感 ) 部
分地調節了最佳挑戰和享受經驗之間的關係。
原文: The full set of conditions and dimensions has been organized in
several models of the phenomenology of flow that start with antecedent
conditions and end in outcomes.

中譯:而全部的情況與向度的組合,已經組織在一些心流現象學
中譯: ( 開始
於一些前提條件下,結束於一些結果產生 ) 的模型中。
原文: Other researchers have examined the process of entering flow; the
fluctuation of flow or involvement over the course of one experience, for
example, studying for an exam; and the fluctuation of flow over the course
of a series of events, such as rehearsals leading up to a musical
performance.

中譯:其它研究員已經檢驗進入心流的過程;心流波動或是投入在一段
中譯:
經驗的過程,例如,因為考試而唸書;以及在一系列事件過程中的心
流波動,例如不斷的排練而到逐漸完成一個音樂的表演。
原文: As new ESM studies have been conducted, the general features of
the experiential landscape defined by the interaction of challenges and skills
have been clarified.

中譯:經由挑戰和技能之間互動所定義出的經驗景觀
中譯: (experiential
landscape) ,隨著新的 ESM 研究的產生,大部分的特徵已漸漸明朗化。
原文: Massimini and colleagues recognized that flow is fostered when
challenges and skills are in balance and, in addition, both are above
average levels for the individual.

中譯: Massimini 和同事發現對個人來說,當挑戰和技能間達到平衡時


、且均超過平均水準時,會促進心流。
原文: The Milan group also differentiated the challenge/skill terrain into
eight experiential “channels”. A simplified version divides the same space
into four quadrants defined by whether challenges and skills are above the
personal mean (high) or below it (low).

中譯:米蘭小組也將挑戰
中譯: / 技能的領域區分為 8 個經驗上的頻道。一個
簡化的版本在相同空間下,依照挑戰與技能是否超過個人平均 ( 高 )
或低於個人平均 ( 低 ) ,分成 4 個象限。

Relaxatin
簡化

Relaxation
原文: The high-challenge, low-skill (“anxiety”) quadrant is characterized,
as expected, by high stakes but low enjoyment and low motivation. Only in
the high-challenge, high-skill (“flow”) quadrant are these variables plus
concentration and self-esteem simultaneously above the personal mean.

中譯:高挑戰性、低技能性
中譯: ( 焦慮 ) 象限的特徵,如同預期地,是高風險
但低享樂、低動機。而只有在挑戰 / 技能加上專注力和自尊同時超過
個人平均,即是高挑戰性、高技能性 ( 心流 ) 象限。

Relaxation
Relaxation
原文: In contrast, all the variables are below average in the low-challenge, low-
skill (“apathy”) quadrant. Concentration, self-esteem, and importance to future
goals peak in the “flow” quadrant whereas enjoyment and wish to be doing the
activity are actually somewhat higher in the low-challenge, high-skill quadrant.

中譯:相較之下,低挑戰性、低技能性
中譯: ( 無興趣 ) 象限下,挑戰 / 技能都低於
平均。專注、自尊和對未來目標的重要性在心流象限達到巔峰;然而在低挑
戰性、高技能性的象限中,「享樂」和「希望去做這活動」實際上會稍微偏
高。

Relaxation
Relaxation
原文: The quality of experience under the latter conditions is partially
positive even though stakes are not high and attention is unfocused. The
current mapping of the experiential landscape labels this quadrant
“relaxation” to capture the mixed nature of the subjective state, which is
less aversive than originally thought.

中譯:在後者的情況下,經驗的品質些微地正向,即使風險不高、注意
中譯:
力也不集中。目前,在經驗景觀的描繪,將這個「放鬆」象限標記為
紀錄這種主觀狀態下的混合本質 ( 即比原先所設想的要較不令人厭惡 )

Relaxation
Relaxation
原文: A large-scale ESM study of adolescents found schoolwork is
prevalent in the “anxiety” quadrant; structured leisure, schoolwork, and
work in the “flow” quadrant; socializing and eating in the “relaxation”
quadrant; and passive leisure and chores in the “apathy” quadrant.

中譯:一個大型規模的青少年
中譯: ESM 研究,發現學校作業普遍在焦慮的象
限;有計劃的休閒、有計劃的學校作業和工作,在心流的象限;社交
和飲食,在放鬆的象限;消極的休閒和例行公事,在無興趣的象限。

Relaxation
有計劃休閒
學校作業

有計劃學校作業

工作

Relaxation
消極休閒 社交

例行公事 飲食
原文: We speculate that two kinds of experiences might be intrinsically
rewarding: one that involves conservation of energy (relaxation), the other
involving the use of skills to seize ever greater opportunities (flow).

中譯:我們推測兩種經驗可能是內在報償:其中一個包括保存能量
中譯: (放
鬆 ) 、另一個包括為了獲得更大的機會而運用技能 ( 心流 ) 。

Relaxation
內在報償

運用技能

內在報償

Relaxation

保留技能
原文: It is consistent with current understandings of evolution to suppose
that both these strategies for coping with the environment, one
conservative and the other expansive, were selected over time as
important components of the human behavioral repertoire, even though
they motivate different─in some sense, opposite─behaviors.

中譯:隨時間推移下,處理環境問題的兩個策略─一個是保護的、另一
中譯:
個是擴張的,這兩個被選出為人類行為技能中的重要元素,這和目前
演化上的了解一致,即使它們激發不同─在某種觀點來說,甚至是相
反─的行為。

Relaxation
內在報償

運用技能
擴張性

內在報償

Relaxation
保留技能
保留性
原文: By contrast, the two distinctly aversive situations, which organisms
are presumably programmed to avoid, are those in which one feels
overwhelmed by environmental demands (anxiety), or left with nothing to
do (apathy).

中譯:相較之下,以下這兩種完全相反的情境,也就是當人無法承受環
中譯:
境的要求 ( 焦慮 ) 、或無事可做 ( 無興趣 ) ,推測會被設定成躲避。

Relaxation
逃避 內在報償

運用技能
擴張性

逃避 內在報償
Relaxation
保留技能
保留性
原文: Finally, a growing body of research is examining how dispositions,
such as motivational orientation, affect the experiencing of flow.

中譯:最後,越來越多的研究正在調查,傾向
中譯: ( 如激發導向 ) 是如何影響
心流經驗。
原文: Naturalistic research shows that high trait intrinsic motivation is
associated with subjectively faster passage of time, less attention to the
time, and more losing track of the time, and with a stronger (quadratic)
relationship between level of challenge and degree of task enjoyment.

中譯:自然研究顯示,高度特徵的內在動機,和主觀認定的快速時間流
中譯:
逝、較不注意時間、失去更多時間的掌握、在挑戰層次和工作享樂程
度之間更強的 ( 平方的 ) 關係有關。
原文: In other studies, success-motivated individuals reported more flow
than failure-motivated individuals during a laboratory task and need for
achievement moderated the relationship between having a high-
challenge, high-skill job, and task enjoyment.

中譯:在其它的研究,具成功動機的個體,於實驗中發現,比具失敗動
中譯:
機的個體,有更多的心流,也更需要一個高挑戰性、高技能性、工作
享樂三者調和而成的成就。
原文: Flow researchers have discussed how their findings might be
applied.

中譯:心流的研究者不斷在討論要如何盡可能地運用他們的發現。
中譯:
原文: The relevance of the flow concept is increasingly noted in
occupational therapy and social policy affecting the disabled.

中譯:大家逐漸了解心流概念在職能治療及影響殘障者的社會政策中
中譯:
影響的重要性。

原文: Flow principles have been translated into practice in various


contexts.

中譯:心流的原理被實施在各式各樣的背景下。
中譯:
原文: The former include interventions to make work a greater source
of flow.

中譯:這包括為了使工作變成一個較佳心流來源的介入。
中譯:
原文: The Swedish state-owned transportation company, Green Cargo,
had been losing money since its founding in 1889.

中譯:瑞典的國有運輸公司,
中譯: green cargo ,自 1889 年的創立開始就
持續虧本。
原文: When Stefan Falk joined the executive ranks in 2003, he
instituted new techniques based on flow principles.

中譯:當
中譯: Stefan Falk 在 2003 年加入行政團隊,他引進以心流原理為主
的新技術和方法。

原文: Line managers were trained to identify workers’ distinctive


strengths; they then met regularly with each worker to set clear goals,
find the appropriate level of challenges, and provide timely feedback.

中譯:部門經理被訓練能去發掘員工的特殊長處,然後他們定期和每
中譯:
人見面,並且設立明確目標、找尋適當的挑戰層級,和提供即時回
饋。
原文: In 2004, the firm was profitable for the first time in 115 years and
the flow-based program was credited as an important factor in the
transformation.

中譯: 2004 年,公司在 115 年來第一次獲利,而他們以心流為主的計


畫被歸功為這個轉型中的重要因素。
原文: In other domains, several museums, including Los Angeles’ Getty
Museum, incorporated flow principles during the design of exhibits and
buildings.

中譯:在其它領域,一些美術館
中譯: ( 包括洛杉磯的 Getty 美術館 ) ,在展
覽和建築的設計中結合了心流原理。
原文: Flow principles informed product design at Nissan USA, with the
goal of making use of the product more enjoyable.

中譯:心流原理應用於
中譯: Nissan USA 的產品設計,目標為使產品使用起
來更有樂趣。
原文: Educational settings present an important arena for applying an
understanding of flow.

中譯:教育的背景,提供了一個應用心流的重要場所。
中譯:

契小學 (the key school)

丹麥
原文: The Key School in Indianapolis, a K-12 public school, opened in
1987; it seeks to (a) create a learning environment that fosters flow
experiences and (b) help students form interests and develop the
capacity and propensity to experience flow.

中譯:在
中譯: Indianapolis 的契小學 ( 一間在 1987 年成立的公立 K-12 學
校 ) ,尋求著

(A) 創造一個可以促進心流經驗的學習環境

(B) 幫助學生形成興趣、發展能力和傾向去體驗心流。
原文: In the Flow Activities Center, students have regular opportunities
to choose and engage in pursuits related to their own interests.

中譯:在心流活動中心,學生有較正規的機會去選擇和致力於追求他
中譯:
們自己的興趣。 ( 不用建立在單純唸書上 )
原文: In Denmark, educators are integrating flow principles into the
curriculum and pedagogy of schools from kindergarten onward and
schools are assessing student flow experience and other aspects of positive
functioning.

中譯:在丹麥,教育家正將心流原理整合到學校的課程和教學法中
中譯: (從
幼稚園開始 ) ,同時學校也正評估學生的心流經驗和其它的正向運作

原文: The most direct efforts to assist individuals in finding flow lie in
the sphere of psychotherapy.

中譯:協助個人找尋心流中,心理治療領域是最直接的。
中譯:

原文: The Milan group built on their extensive program of basic


research to develop therapeutic interventions aimed at transforming
the structure of daily life toward more positive experience.

中譯:米蘭的團隊基於他們基礎研究的廣泛計畫,發展介入治療,為
中譯:
了將每天生活結構轉變成更正向的經驗。
原文: Psychiatric interventions informed by flow theory have been
successful in diverse cultural settings, including Nicaragua and northern
Somalia.

中譯:心流理論應用於精神病學中的介入,在不同的文化背景中
中譯: (包
括尼加拉瓜、北索馬利亞 ) 相當地成功。
原文: In Italy, the ESM, guides by flow theory, has provided a tool for
identifying patterns in everyday experience and ways in which these
might be transformed.

中譯:在義大利,由心流理論引導的
中譯: ESM ,提供了一個辨認每天經驗
模式的工具以及這些模式可能被轉變成的面向。
原文: Many therapies focus on conflict, under the assumption that
once this is worked through, well-being will automatically follow.

中譯:基於只要衝突一被解決,幸福感自動會伴隨而來的假設下,很
中譯:
多治療著重在衝突上。

原文: The therapeutic approach described here reverses figure and


ground.

中譯:但是此治療法卻是本末倒置。
中譯:
原文: Use of flow principles allows therapy to be reoriented toward
building on interests and strengths, taking advantage of the growth of
skill and confidence that attends flow experience, and enabling the
individual to reduce dysphoric experience as a by-product of this
growth.

中譯:心流原理的運用能讓治療重新導向於建構在興趣和長處上,而
中譯:
有利技能和自信的成長,並達到心流經驗,而此成長也能帶來附加
的效果,使個人煩躁不安的經驗能夠降低。
原文: A common theme of educational and therapeutic applications of
flow principles bears underlining.

中譯:一個常見且被重視的主題─教育與治療的心流運用。
中譯:

原文: Their goal is not to foster the state of flow directly, but rather to
help individuals identify activities that they enjoy and learn how to
invest their attention in the work of these activities.

中譯:他們的目標不是在直接促進心流狀態,而是在幫助個人去找出
中譯:
他們能夠樂在其中的活動,以及學習如何去投注他們的專注力在這
些活動中。
原文: Many current areas of flow theory, research, and application are
likely to extend fruitfully into the future.

中譯:許多目前心流理論、研究和應用的領域很有可能在未來大量地
中譯:
拓展。
原文: New research directions identified in the work of Nakamura and
Csikzentmihalyi also remain promising.

中譯:由
中譯: Nakamura 和 Csikszentmihalyi 確立的新研究方向,仍然前景
看好。

原文: Others are just emerging.

中譯:而其它的研究方向也正嶄露頭角。
中譯:
原文: For example, theory and experimentation on the
neuropsychology of flow are beginning.

中譯:舉例來說,在神經心理學上,心流的理論和實驗才剛起步。
中譯:
原文: Current societal changes give new urgency to some questions
about flow.

中譯:目前的社會改變產生了一些有關心流的新問題。
中譯:
原文: For example, fundamental questions concern the nature of the
attentional processes that foster flow and the way optimal attentional
practices are formed.

中譯:舉例來說,原本的問題是關注在促進心流專注過程的本質,以
中譯:
及最佳化專注練習的形成方法。
原文: The ever-increasing pace of life and the proliferating claims on
attention due to new technologies─the challenges of so-called muti-
tasking, the pervasiveness of “attention robbers”─highlight the
importance of attention regulation and its impact on quality of
experience.

中譯:生活日益增加的步調,以及因為新科技而在專注力上激增的要
中譯:
求(此為所謂的多種任務挑戰,即是「注意強盜」的普遍),提高
了注意力調節的重要性和在經驗品質上的影響。
原文: Understanding the dynamics and development of the autotelic
personality thus gains importance.

中譯:了解自成目標人格的動態和發展,因而更顯得重要。
中譯:
原文: In Asakawa’s ESM study of Japanese college students, autotelics
reported more balanced levels of challenge and skill than did non-
autotelics.

中譯: Asakawa 在對於日本大學生的 ESM 研究中,那些自成目標者比


非自成目標者在挑戰和技能間表現出更高的平衡水準。

原文: In addition, they more often reported that skills exceeded


challenges, whereas the reverse characterized non-autotelics.

中譯:此外,他們更表現出事情多為技能大於挑戰,然後非自成目標
中譯:
者則多為挑戰大於技能。
原文: A related issue is the question of how children and adolescents
learn what goals deserve attention.

中譯:一個相關的議題是有關小孩和青少年如何學習什麼目標是值得
中譯:
專注的問題。

原文: Extended to take into account life-span development, this


becomes the study of how psychological capital is formed, allowing the
pursuit of meaningful goals that provide flow throughout a person’s life.

中譯:更延伸考慮到一生的發展,這變成了心理資本如何形成的研究
中譯:
,使有意義目標的追尋成為可能,並且在個人生命中注入心流。
原文: Other societal changes give new access to standing questions
about flow.

中譯:其他的社會改變為心流問題的樹立提供了新的途徑。
中譯:

原文: For example, despite its implication in development and in the


positive quality of life, flow’s amoral character has always been clear.

中譯:舉例來說,儘管它涉及於發展及生活的正向品質,心流的中立
中譯:
特性仍然是無庸置疑的。
原文: Past research has shown that fire-setting and other activities
damaging to self or others can afford flow, and has suggested that flow
activities can become addictive.

中譯:過去研究顯示縱火和其他活動(如傷害自己或他人)可以提供
中譯:
心流,並且顯示心流活動可能成癮。
原文: In recent years, researchers have begun to ask whether
experiencing flow can lead to addictive playing computer games.

中譯:近年來,研究員開始提出經歷心流是否可以導致電玩上癮。
中譯:
原文: Cyber-behavior, a domain widely analyzed from a flow
perspective, has the advantage of being fairly easily studied.

中譯:網路行為,一個被以心流觀點廣泛分析的領域來說,有著極容
中譯:
易被研究的優點。

原文: It thus stands to yield more insight than an activity like fire-
setting into the evolution, persistence, and consequences, of problem
flow.

中譯:因此這個網路行為比有問題的心流如縱火等,都更需要在演進
中譯:
上、持續性、結果有深入的了解。
原文: The overarching goals are to compare the dynamics of seeking
flow in one activity rather than another, and understand the long-term
effects of these choices.

中譯:這些各式各樣的目標,是去比較在每個活動中的心流動態,並
中譯:
且了解這些選擇帶來的長期影響。
原文: Another fertile direction is the situating of flow within the
broader landscape of positive functioning.

中譯:另一個豐富的方向是心流在正向運作廣大背景中的定位。
中譯:
原文: For example, some positive psychologists posit two models of
well-being and conceptualize flow as an aspect of “eudaemonia,” or
self-realization, viewing this as the counterpoint to “hedonia,” or
pleasure.

中譯:舉例來說,一些正向心理學家假定兩組幸福感的模型。將概念
中譯:
化心流為”幸福”的面向,或自我實現;並且視此為”快感”,或
愉悅的反義詞。

VS
原文: Nakamura described the growth of flow experiences into sources
of vital engagement through the accumulation of life-historical,
interpersonal, and other connections that endow absorbing activities
with meaning.

中譯: Nakamura 將心流經驗的成長描述為經過生命歷史、人際關係


和其它連結 ( 如:賦予有趣活動意義 ) 的累積,並且為其重要的參
與來源。
原文: Seligman’s tripartite model of happiness treats flow as the main
manifestation of “engaged” lives.

中譯: Seligman 的快樂三部曲模型,將心流視為積極參與生活的主要


表現型式。
原文: Guided by Seligman’s model, Peterson, Park, and Seligman
measured adults’ orientations toward achieving happiness through
pleasure, meaning, or engagement (flow).

中譯:經由
中譯: Seligman 的模型引導, Peterson, Park, 和 Seligman 測量成
人對於經由愉悅、意義或積極參與 ( 心流 ) ,達到快樂的傾向。
原文: Research on flow contributes knowledge to several topics that
are of central importance to positive psychology.

中譯:在研究心流上,貢獻了不少正向心理學的重要核心主題。
中譯:
原文: In the first place, it illuminates the phenomenology of optimal
experience, answering the question: What is it like to live fully, to be
completely involved in the moment?

中譯:最主要的是,它闡明了最佳經驗的現象學,並回答了此問題:
中譯:
第一,充實地過生活就像是什麼?是完全地沉浸在那一瞬間嗎?
原文: Second, it leads to questions about the long-term consequences
of optimal experience: Does the sum of flow over time add up to a good
and happy life?

中譯:第二,他進而導致了有關長期最佳經驗結果的問題:在時間推
中譯:
移中,心流的累加會漸漸形成一個快樂的生活嗎?

原文: Or only under certain conditions, that is, if the person develops
the meta-skills to manage attention and enjoy meaningful challenges?

中譯:或者只有在特定情況下,也就是如果一個人發展出後設技能
中譯:
(meta-skills) 去管理注意力,就能夠享受有意義的挑戰嗎?
原文: Furthermore, this line of research tries to unravel the conditions
that act as obstacles or facilitators to optimal experience, focusing
especially on the most prominent institutions such as the family,
schools, and the workplace.

中譯:再者,此研究試著去解決那些表現像是最佳經驗的阻礙或加速
中譯:
因子,並且特別專注於在大部分顯著的機構,像是家庭、學校和工
作場所。
原文: Although it seems clear that flow serves as a buffer against
adversity and prevents pathology, its major contribution to the quality of
life consists in endowing momentary experience with value.

中譯:雖然似乎很清楚知道心流是提供一個做為逆境和防止病變的緩衝
中譯:
,但是它主要貢獻於生活上的品質,在於賦予價值給短暫的經驗。
感謝您的聆聽 !!!!!

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