Professional Documents
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CHAPTER
Basic
Management
Accounting
Concepts
2 -2
Objectives
1. Describe the cost assignment process.
Afterand
2. Define tangible studying this products and
intangible
explain whychapter, youdifferent
there are should product cost
definitions. be able to:
3. Prepare income statements for manufacturing
and service organizations.
4. Outline the differences between functional-
based and activity-based management
accounting systems.
2 -3
Objectives
1
Describe
the cost assignment process
Cost Assignment: Direct Tracing, Driver 2 -4
Accuracy of Assignment:
The notion of accuracy is not evaluated based on
knowledge of some underlying "true" cost. Rather,
it is a relative concept and has to do with the
reasonableness and logic of the cost assignment
methods used. The objective is to measure and
assign, as well as possible, the cost of the resources
consumed by a cost object.
Methods Tracing
Tracing costs to cost objects can occur in one of two
ways: (1) direct tracing or (2) driver tracing.
(1) Direct Tracing: is the process of identifying and assigning
costs that are exclusively and physically associated with a
cost object to that cost object.
(2) Driver Tracing: is the use of drivers to assign costs to cost
objects. In a cost assignment context, drivers are observable
causal factors that measure a cost object's resource
consumption.
2 -11
Traceability
Direct Driver
Allocation
Tracing Tracing
Cost Objects
2 -16
Objectives
2
Define tangible and intangible products
and explain why there are different
product cost definitions
2 -17
Management Accounting
Services cannot be stored.
No patent protection.
1. Intangibility Cannot display or
Services benefits expire
communicate services.
2. Perishability quickly. directly
Customer
Price difficult to set.
Services
involvedmay be repeated
with
3. Inseparability often for oneofcustomer.
production service.
Centralized mass
4. Heterogeneity production
Wide of in
variation services
service
difficult.
products possible.
Derived Properties
Interface of Services with 2 -19
Management Accounting
No inventories.
Strong ethical code.
1. Intangibility Price difficult to set.
Demand for more accurate
No inventories.
2. Perishability Costs often accounted
cost for
Need assignments.
standards and
for by customer type.
consistent high quality.
3. Inseparability Demand for and
Productivity measure-
quality
ment and control
measurement andof
4. Heterogeneity quality to
control maintain
must be
consistency.
ongoing.
Total quality manage-
Impact on Management
Accounting ment critical.
2 -20
Design
Service Develop
The Internal
Value chain
analysis
Distribute Produce
Market
Product Costs and External Financial 2 -23
Reporting
Marketing Marketing
Customer Customer
Service Service
Pricing Decisions Strategic Design Decisions External Financial
Product-Mix Decisions Tactical Profitability Reporting
Strategic Profitability Analysis
Analysis
2 -25
Prime Cost :
Direct Materials Costs + Direct Labor Costs
Conversion Cost:
Direct Labor Costs + Overhead Costs
2 -30
Objectives
3
Prepare income statements for
manufacturing and service
organizations
2 -31
External
Financial
Statements
Manufacturing Organization 2 -32
2-20
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2004
Sales $2,800,000
Less cost of goods sold:
Beginning finished goods inventory $ 500,000
Add: Cost of goods manufactured 1,200,000
Cost of goods available for sale $1,700,000
Less: Ending finished goods inventory 300,000 1,400,000
Gross margin $1,400,000
Less operating expenses:
Selling expenses $ 600,000
Administrative expenses 300,000 900,000
Income before taxes $ 500,000
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured 2 -33
2-21
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2004
Sales $300,000
Less expenses:
Cost of services sold:
Beginning work in process $ 5,000
Service costs added:
Direct materials $ 40,000
Direct labor 80,000
Overhead 100,000 220,000
Total $225,000
Less: Ending work in process 10,000 215,000
Gross margin $ 85,000
Less operating expenses:
Selling expenses $ 8,000
Administrative expenses 22,000 30,000
Income before income taxes $ 55,000
2 -36
Objectives
4
Outline the differences between
functional-based and activity-based
management accounting systems
Functional-Based 2 -37
Management Model
Cost View
Resources
Operational View
Efficiency Performance
Functions
Analysis Analysis
Products
Activity-Based 2 -38
Management Model
Cost View
Resources
Process View
Driver Performance
Activities
Analysis Analysis
Why? What? How Well?
Products and
Customers
2 -39
Functional-Based Activity-Based
1. Unit-based drivers 1. Unit- and nonunit-based
drivers
2. Allocation-intensive 2. Tracing intensive
3. Narrow and rigid product 3. Broad, flexible product
costing costing
4. Focus on managing cost 4. Focus on managing
activities
5. Sparse activity information 5. Detailed activity
information
Chapter Two
The End
2 -41