BY:-

GOPAL KRISHNA,
SHIWANI,
ANNAPURNA BHARTI,
SAKSHI SINGH,
ANAND KUMAR,
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF-
KUMARI PRIYANKA, Prof. O.P SUDHANSHU
ARCHANA KUMARI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERIG

GAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING GAYA
GAYA -823003
 WATER QUALITY
Water quality can be defined as the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water.
It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic
species and or to any human need or purpose.

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

Water quality standard are put in place to ensure the efficient use of water for a designated
purpose. Water quality analysis is to measure the require parameter of water to check whether
they are in accordance with the standard. We follow IS 10500:2012 for drinking water
standards.
 NEED OF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
Water quality analysis is required mainly for monitoring purpose. Water quality analysis is
the most important aspect for the following fields
1. Municipal water supply
2. Industrial water supply.
For both the fields ,there are different need as well as we require different level of water
quality for this distinct need.

SOME IMPORTANCE OF SUCH ASSESMENT INCLUDES

1. To evaluate the quality of water and determine the health and safety of your water
supply w.r.t the Indian standard.
2. To monitor changes in water quality that tell us about the condition or health of
waterways
3. To determine whether water is suitable for the health of the natural environment
4. To determine whether water is suitable for human consumption and other uses such as
irrigation, fishing or swimming etc.
 As per a report published in TIMES OF INDIA on 8 march 2016, various ground water
samples collected from three different places falling under Gaya municipal corporation area
send to quality testing laboratory of Public Health engineering department (PHED). The
test results showed very high level of turbidity (presence of muddy content), iron and
bacterial contamination rendering the water unfit for human consumption.
 Drain effluents enter Falgu river bed at no less than 24 and thereby aggravating subsurface
water pollution. In several localities of the town hand pumps and submersible machines draw
water with bad odour high mud content. (5 Feb 2018 TOI)
 A few studies have been carried out regarding the surface and groundwater quality of Gaya
city. A study carried by the reservoir so that the groundwater of Gaya city exceeds the value
of fluoride (F).
Experiment Parameters:
After the samples were preserved and brought to the laboratory, various experimental analysis
were carried out on them in order to determine the water quality. The parameters for which tests were
conducted include the following viz.

• Test for pH
• Test for Turbidity
• Test for Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• Test for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Test for Total Solids
• Test for Hardness

The DO and BOD are the parameters of great importance and are interrelated. BOD show us
the presence of micro organisms in a waterbody. Turbidity, Total Solids and Hardness directly give us a
measure to decide whether the water meets the desirable and required conditions or not.
1. Analysis method for pH:
The pH value of water sample is nothing but the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen ions activity
present in moles per litre. For neutral sample, it is generally found to be around 7. if it is less than 7, the
sample is considered to be acidic and for the opposite case, it is taken as basic. For general water, pH
ranges between 6 to 8.

2. Analysis method for Turbidity:

Turbidity is caused in natural water by finely divided suspended particles of clay, silt, sand or some
organic materials. The standard unit for turbidity is that turbidity which is produced by mixing 1mg of finely
divided silica (Si𝑂2 ) in distilled water.
The apparatus used for measuring Turbidity of water sample is ‘Nephelometer’ which is uses the principle
of scattering of light. The unit used for the measurement of turbidity Is known as the Nephelometric Turbidity
Unit (NTU).

3. Analysis Method For Dissolved Oxygen:

Dissolved oxygen in a water sample is determined by following Winkler’s method. The saturation
DO value is the maximum dissolved oxygen which a given water can contain at a given temperature and
pressure. In this principle, the water sample to be tested is mixed with manganese sulphate (MnS𝑂4 ) and an
alkali iodide reagent, the M𝑛2+ ions released from MnS𝑂4 react with O𝐻 − ions of water to form white ppt.
If no dissolved oxygen is present otherwise they give rise to a red ppt. The expected DO value for
suitability in domestic use is 4-8 mg/ltr.

M𝑛2+ + 2O𝐻 − Mn(𝑂𝐻)2 (white ppt.)

M𝑛2+ + 2O𝐻 − + 1Τ2 𝑂2 Mn𝑂2 (red ppt.) + 𝐻2 O

4. Analysis Method for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):

BOD show us the extent of micro-organisms present and their behaviour in a water sample, it
gives the value of the amount of oxygen required for complete biological decomposition of waste and
organic matter present in water thereby reducing the carbonaceous material from the water.

5. Analysis Methods for Total solids:

The total amount of solids consists of the suspended solids with the dissolved solids, the total
solids in a sample can be determined by evaporating the water sample and weighing the left residue. The
amount of suspended solids is obtained by filtering the water sample and weighing the residue left on the
filter paper. The difference between the total solids and the suspended solids gives the amount of dissolved
solids.
6. Analysis Method for Hardness of Water:
Hardness of water is that characteristics which prevents the formation of sufficient foam. The hardness
is usually caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium present in water which form scum by reaction
with floc. Hard water are undesirable because they lead to greater soap consumption. Carbonate hardness is
caused by the divalent metallic ions principally of 𝐶𝑎2+ and 𝑀𝑔2+ while sulphates, chlorides and nitrates cause
non-carbonate hardness.
The chief part of the project work consists of sampling of the Dighi Tank and the Suraj Kund Tank. The
sample were preserved and all the tests were carried out on the sample in a period of hardly 2 days. For
these time, the sample are kept in deep fridge with proper measures. Now we compare our values which
are obtained from sample and BSPCB with IS 10500:2012. So that we can get, whether water is suitable for
consumption or not and to find out which parameter exceeds or recedes.

TABLE 1:- IS 105200:2012 values

PARAMETER LIMIT
pH 7 – 8.5
Turbidity(NTU) 1-5
Total Solids(mg/l) 500 - 2000
DO(mg/l) 4
Flouride(mg/l) 1 – 1.5
Hardness(mg/l) 200 – 600
 Both project namely Dighi Talab and Suraj Kund Tank consists two parts:-
i. Sampling result
ii. Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB) data

TABLE 2:- BSPCB Data for Suraj Kund Tank (S1) and Dighi talab (S2)

YEAR pH DO(mg/l) BOD(mg/l) TC(MPN/100ml) FC(MPN/100ml)

SOURCE PLACE S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2

2016-17 7.71 7.9 7.6 7.5 2.6 2.6 3900 4466 1675 1783

2017-18 7.77 7.84 7.74 7.8 2.6 2.8 7344 7955 4333 3922
TABLE 3:- Suraj Kund Tank and Dighi tank

SOURCE OF SAMPLE SURAJ KUND TANK DIGHI TANK

PARAMETERS AVERAGE VALUE AVERAGE VALUE

pH 7.753 7.62
Turbidity(NTU) 16.46 14.67
DO(mg/l) 7.763 7.67
BOD(mg/l) 2.6 2.72
Total Solid(mg/l) 43.033 41.36
Hardness(mg/l) 144 149.33
Fluoride(mg/l) 1.993 1.724
The parameter which were tested are generally lied in between the prescribed values only except some
anomalies. Though some of them are showing an increasing trend day by day as turbidity and BOD etc.
which is obviously a threat for a dangerous tomorrow, other than this high content of fluoride is also
found.

Excess of fluoride (>1.5-2 ppm) can cause discoloration of teeth or mottling of teeth. Generally,
infants are affected from this problem and this disease is called Flourosis. If it exceed than 5 md/l, causes
deformation of bone called Bone Flourosis and other skeleton abnormalities.

So the preventive measure must be taken and implemented strictly from right now to get a
control over the situation. It must be remembered that “ A stich in time saves nine”.