Team Members:

Zeng Yang
Rohit
Shofiyah
Faidhi
 Contents Page
• Short Term Memory
– Iconic
– Echoic
– Working
• Long Term Memory
– Semantic
– Episodic
• Attention Types
– Selective
– Divided
– Focused
– Sustained
• Amnesia
• Situational Awareness
• Answering the Problem Statement
 Problem Statement
• Your tasks today are to advice them and show
how their minds will be able to cope up with
all the information that they will be receiving
during their course of work.
 Short Term : Iconic Memory
• is the term for when the human brain remembers an image after
briefly being shown the visual

• Lasts less than a second With a capacity of 5<= 7 =<9

• refers only to the memory of sight.

The word icon means a picture or image, hence the term for this
short-term type of memory.

From iconic memory experiments, scientists learned that a witnessed

image is stored briefly without the brain spending much time
processing.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-iconic-memory.html Zeng Yang
 Echoic Memory
• The auditory version of Sensory Memory

• refers to the phenomenon in which there is a brief mental

echo that continues to sound after auditory stimuli has
been heard

• Lasts for three or four seconds

• EXAMPLE
have a friend recite a list of numbers, and then suddenly
stopping, repeat the last four numbers.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Echoic_Memory
 Working Memory
• It is the aspect of memory that we are aware of, or can bring back
very quickly and easily. 

• It is where you do your thinking and imagining.  A decent analogy is

to the working memory (RAM) of a computer.

• The aspect of working memory that has been most studied is

nowadays called the phonological loop. 

Example
• If you read a telephone number in the phone book, you can keep it
in your short-term memory for about 10 to 20 seconds. If you repeat
it over and over, you can hold on to it longer.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/memory.html Zeng Yang

 Long Term Memory

• As the name implies, this contains the memories that we

hang on to for a long time - our whole lives, often enough.

• It is also enormous in capacity - more room than we will

ever need!

• One example between the difference of the Long Term

Memory and Shot term memory would be like the
characteristics of the hard drive vs floppy disks.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/memory.html Zeng Yang

 Types of Long Term Memory
• Semantic memory
– refers to the memory of meanings, understandings, and other
concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences.
– includes generalized knowledge that does not involve memory of
a specific event.

• For instance, you can answer a question like "Are wrenches pets or
tools?" without remembering any specific event in which you learned
that wrenches are tools.

• Episodic Memory
– are temporal, like rules, but are amazingly flexible

– can be a matter of remembered personal experiences, or

memorized history lessons, or pure fiction.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/memory.html Zeng Yang
 Retrograde Amnesia
• is what we call the more sudden loses of memory, whether
temporary or permanent. 

• The most dramatic examples occur after serious trauma to the head
such as sometimes occur with car accidents or gun shots to the
head. 

• The usual kind of amnesia is called retrograde amnesia, where you

can't remember past events. 

• It is usually episodic memory (memories of events in your life, or

even of your identity).  We seem to retain things like our skills, the
ability to speak, definitions of words, and so on.

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/memory.html Zeng Yang

 Anterograde Amnesia
• Anterograde Amnesia is a disorder in which new information cannot
be stored into long term memory (LTM).

• Memories involving the retrieval of recently past events (episodic

memory) become impossible for patients with this disorder.

http://www.scottsdalecc.edu/ricker/psy101/rea
dings/section_6/6-2.html
 Attention
• Attention is the cognitive process of selectively
concentrating on one aspect of the environment
while ignoring other things.
• Attention is influenced by arousal level and
stress.
• Types of attention:
– Selective
– Divided
– Focused
– Sustained

shofiyah
 Selective Attention
• When a person is monitoring several sources
of input, with greater attention being given to
one or more sources which appear more
important.
• Example:
– ‘cocktail party effect’

shofiyah
 Divided Attention
• Where people are required to do more than
one thing at the same time.
• May be referred as time sharing
• Example:
– Driving a car while talking on the phone.

shofiyah
 Focused Attention
• Focused attention is merely the skill of
focusing one’s attention upon a single source
and avoiding distraction.
• Example:
– Eating in a noisy environment

shofiyah
 Sustained Attention
• Sustained attention as its name implies, refers
to the ability to maintain attention and remain
alert over long periods of time, often on one
task.
• Example:
– Examinations

shofiyah
 Situational Awareness
What is it?
- involves being
aware of what is
happening around
you to understand
how information,
events, and your own
actions will impact
your goals and
objectives, both now
and in the near
future.

http://www.satechnologies.com/Papers/pdf/HFES98-SAGATvSART.pdf ROHIT
 Why is it important?
• Lacking SA or having inadequate SA has been
identified as one of the primary factors in
accidents attributed to human error.

• SA has been recognized as a critical, yet often

elusive, foundation for successful decision-
making across a broad range of complex and
dynamic systems

www.iom.edu/.../Jun-10-11-2009-Commissioned-Paper-Creating-Situational-Awareness-A-
Systems-Approach.pdf ROHIT
 Air traffic controller

Short-term Long-term

 Call sign  Procedures

 Needs to perform other  Ability to already
tasks picture aircraft’s
position in relation
to landmarks on
the radar’s screen

Faidhi
• Communication between tower & pilot is crucial.
• Therefore both pilot and control tower need to multitask,
Divided Attention.
(observing instruments like altimeter while
communicating)

Visual aids help the ATC to know where the

aircraft is and to provide information to the
pilot and pilot to ATC.
Faidhi
• Semantic memory
• Episodic memory
• Situation awareness
• Peter and Liza need to have this so they could
spot and react as quickly as possible. The
perception, comprehension and projection of
thing.
• Attention and Perception
• Decision Making, Memory, and Motor
Programmes
• Physical Access and Claustrophobia

Faidhi