m A variety of measures of national income and

output are used in economics to estimate total

economic activity in a country or region, including
gross domestic product (GDP), gross national
product (GNPO
m All are specially concerned with counting the total
amount of goods and services produced within
some "boundary".
m `ncome Approach

m Expenditure Approach

m Production Approach
m ’he income approach focuses on finding the total
output of a nation by finding the total income
received by the factors of production owned by
that nation.

m National `ncome =’otal Earning

=(+)Rent: Land
(+)Wages: Labor
(+)`nterest: Capital
(+)Profit: Owner
m NDP at factor cost = compensation of employee +
operating surplus + mixed income of self
employee.

m National income = NDP at factor cost + NF`A (net

factor income from abroad) ± Depreciation.
m ’he expenditure approach focuses on finding the
total output of a nation by finding the total amount
of money spent.

m ’otal of All Expense Made (On the goods &

services provided) `n A Given time.
m National `ncome=’otal spending
=(+) Spending On Consumer Goods
(+) Spending On Capital Goods
(+) Spending By Government
(+) Net Export
m ’he Production Approach Focus On Value Of All
Goods & Services Produced During ’he Given
Period Of ’ime.

m `t `s `n Monetary Form.
m National `ncome=’otal Output
(+)Gross Value Added
m Primary Sector

m Secondary Sector

m ’ertiary Sector
m ’he primary sector of the economy involves
changing natural resources into primary products.
Most products from this sector are considered raw
materials for other industries. Major businesses in
this sector include agriculture, agribusiness,
fishing, forestry and all mining and quarrying
industries.
m ’he secondary sector of the economy includes
those economic sectors that create a finished,
usable product: production and construction.
m ’his sector generally takes the output of the
primary sector and manufactures finished goods
or where they are suitable for use by other
businesses, for export, or sale to domestic
consumers
m ’he tertiary sector of the economy also known as
the service sector or the service industry is one of
the three economic sectors.
m ’he service sector consists of the "soft" parts of
the economy, i.e. activities where people offer
their knowledge and time to improve productivity,
performance, potential, and sustainability.
m `n economics, BR`C (typically rendered as "the
BR`Cs" or "the BR`C countries" or known as the
"Big Four") is a grouping acronym that refers to
the countries of Brazil, Russia, `ndia, and China
that are deemed to all be at a similar stage of
newly advanced economic development.
m ’he Economy of Brazil is the world's eighth largest
economy by nominal GDP and ninth largest by
purchasing power parity.

m Ô

Agriculture: 5.5%
`ndustry: 28.7%
Services: 65.8%
 GDP and GDP per capita
GDP PER GDP PER
GDP GDP
YEAR CAP`’A CAP`’A
(in billion R$) (in billion US$)
(in R$) (in US$)

2007 2,600 1,463 13,515 7,605

2006 2,466 1,116.3 12,995 6,092
2005 1,937.6 796.2 10,520 4,323
2004 1,894.5 604 10,433 3,326
2003 1,805.3 506.8 10,087 2,831
2002 1,795.6 459.4 10,179 2,604
2001 1,761.6 509.8 10,135 2,933
2000 1,738.8 602.2 10,152 3,516
1999 1,666.1 536.6 9,873 3,180
1998 1,653.2 787.9 9,944 4,739
1997 1,651 807.8 10,080 4,932
m ’he economy of Russia is the twelfth largest
economy in the world by nominal value and the
seventh largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).

m Ô

Agriculture 4.6%
`ndustry 39.1%
Services 56.3%
m ’he economy of `ndia is the eleventh largest
economy in the world by nominal GDP and the
fourth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).
`ndia is an emerging economic power with a very
large pool of human and natural resources, and a
growing large pool of skilled professionals.
Agriculture is the predominant occupation in `ndia,
accounting for about 52% of employment. ’he
service sector makes up a further 34%, and
industrial sector around 14%. Major agricultural
products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute,
tea sugarcane, potatoes, cattle , water buffalo,
sheep, goats, poultry and fish. Major industries
include telecommunications, textiles, chemicals,
food processing, steel, transportation equipment,
cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, information
technology enabled services and pharmaceuticals.
 º
º  º º  º  º 
1-Agriculture, forestry& 206171 22635 250892
Fishing

2-Mining & Quarrying 32177 32105 41213

3-Manufacturing 197132 207466 243677
4-Electricity,gas,water 21519 22327 26462
supply
5-construction 110791 114272 128039
6-trade hotels transport & 309262 323229 423697
communication

7-financing ins. real est. 200453 223489 278054

& bus. services
8-community social & 151655 169133 208001
personal services
Ô
 
  ºº   
 

Ô    


1990 ± 91 32 % 27 % 41 %

2005 ± 06 20 % 26 % 54 %

2007 - 08 17 % 29 % 54 %
 
 Ô
 Ô



1950 ± 1951 9719 224786

1960 ± 1961 16512 329825

1970 ± 1971 42981 474131

1980 -1981 132520 641921

1990 -1991 515032 1083572

2000 ± 2001 1925017 1864300

2005 ± 2006 3402316 3249130

2006 ± 2007 3941865 3564627

2007 ± 2008 4540987 3893457

2008 - 2009 5228650 4154973

m ’he People's Republic of China is the world's
second largest economy after the United States
and the largest in Asia. China is the world's
fastest-growing major economy, with average
growth rates of 10% for the past 30 years.

m Ô

Agriculture (10.6%)
`ndustry (46.8%)
Services (42.6%)
m ’otal : u18,486 billion (2010 estimate)
China $10,084 billion
`ndia $4,001 billion
Russia $2,219 billion
Brazil $2,182 billion
m ’otal : u10,676 billion (2010 estimate)
China $5,745 billion
Brazil $2,024 billion
Russia $1,477 billion
`ndia $1,430 billion
m MOSP`
m Wikipedia
m Brazil.Org.Uk
m C`A.Gov
m Capital Market