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V The principles & regulations established in a community
by a certain authority & applicable to its people, whether
in the form of legislation or of customs & policies
recognized and enforced by judicial decision.

V Law is a system of rules, enforced through a set of

institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil
obedience, politics, economics, and society.

V Law serves as the foremost social mediator in relations

between people
V According to Holland
JLaw refers to a general rule of action, taking cognizance only of
external acts enforced by a determinate authority, which authority is
human, and among human authorities is that which is permanent in
a political society.´
V According to John Erskine

JLaw is the command of a sovereign, containing a common rule of

life for his subjects and obliging them to obedience.´
V According to De Montmorency

J oercion is a weapon of law which law has forged, but it is not the
basis of law.´
V According to Pound

JLaw is the body of principles recognized or enforced by public and

regular tribunals in the administration of justice.´
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JLaw is that portion of the established thought and habit which has
gained distinct and formal recognition in the shape of uniform rules
backed by the authority and power of Government.´
According to Green
JLaw is the system of rights and obligations which the state
enforces.´
According to Lord Radcliff
J
ou will not mistake my meaning or suppose that I depreciate one
of the great human studies if I say that we cannot learn Law by
learning Law. If it is to be anything more than just a technique it is to
be so much more than itself; a part of history and sociology, a part of
ethics and a philosophy of life.
V The science & philosophy of law is called
Jurisprudence. It is the knowledge of law.

V Kinds of Jurisprudence
G ?istorical Jurisprudence
G Ethical Jurisprudence
G Analytical Jurisprudence
V Imperative Law
V Physical or Scientific Law
V Natural or Moral Law
V onventional Law
V ustomary Law
V Practical or Technical Law
V International Law
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 Sharia

Al-Quran Sunnah Ijtehad

 Process of legislation

When N.A is When N.A not

in session in session

Money All other

bill bills
President

N.A Senate

Ordinance

President

Assent
Sent for reconsideration
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V It extends to the whole of Pakistan.
V It had 266 sections Initially
V Sec 1-75 ( General principles relating to all types of
contracts)
V Sec 76-123( Repealed after enactment of Sale of Good
Act)
V Sec 124-147 ( ontracts of Indemnity & Guarantee)
V Sec 148-181 ( ontracts of Bailment & Pledge)
V ontracts of Agency (Section 182-238)
V SE 239-266 (Repealed after enactment of Partnership
Act)
V ontract is an agreement between two or more
persons creating rights & obligations that are
enforceable by law.
V Section 2(h) of the ontract Act defines ontract
as J an agreement enforceable by law´
V ontract
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B) Enforceable by law
V Section 2(e) defines µEvery promise or every set of
promises forming the consideration for each other,
is an agreement.¶
V Agreement
G Promise
G onsideration
G Plurality of persons
V Section 2(b) of the ontract Act defines J
when a person to whom the proposal is made
signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to
be accepted. A proposal when accepted becomes
a promise.´
V Promise is
G Assent for acceptance
G To a proposal
VA contract is an agreement
V An agreement is a promise
V A promise is an accepted
proposal
V Every agreement is result of a
proposal from one side and its
acceptance from the other.
V An agreement is enforceable if it is recognized by
courts.
V It must create legal obligations between the
parties( otherwise not a contract)
V All contracts are agreements but all agreements
are not contracts.
V Agreements
G Social ( do not enjoy the benefit of law, donot create legal
obligation)
G Legal (creates legal obligations)
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Descri tion Ôontingent Wagering

[alidity [alid ontract [oid ontract

ncertain event is the
ncertain ncertain event is prime sole determing
Event merely collateral factor
the parties have no real
the parties have real interest in the occurrence
interest in the or non occurrence of the
Interest of occurrence or non event for winning or
Parties occurrence of the event loosing the bet
Beneficial to the
Purpose Parties One Loose one gain.
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V If a person, incapable of entering into a contract,
or any one whom he is legally bound to support, is
supplied by another person with necessaries
suited to his condition in life ; the person who has
furnished such supplies is entitled to be
reimbursed from the property of such incapable
person
V The person to whom the necessaries are supplied is incapable
of entering into a contract (minor, unsound mind, insolvent)

V The other person has supplied him with necessary suited to his
condition of life

V The other person may or may not be who is legally bound to

support

V The things supplied must be necessaries not luxuries

V Incapable is not personally liable to compensate the other party

for his support

V Property if any, of incapable is liable to compensate the other

party for his support

V ontract price shall not be charged to compensate; reasonable

price be paid as compensation
V A person to whom any thing has been delivered
by mistake must return it to the person who
delivered it wrongly.

V A person to whom money has been paid by

mistake must repay to the person who paid it
by mistake.
V A person who is interested in the payment of
money, which an other is bound by Law to pay,
and who therefore pays it, is entitled to be
reimbursed by the other.
V In other words, a person who is interested in the
payment of money, which another person is
bound by Law to pay, pays it, is entitled to
recover from the other. If he has not interest in
paying, he cannot claim back.
V A person should be interested in payment to
protect his own interest.
V Such person should not be legally bound to pay.
V Another person should legally bound to pay.
V A person should claim the payment from another
person.
V Where a person legally does any thing for another
person not intending to do that gratuitously the
other person enjoys the benefit so the another
person is bound to compensate the person who
has done a favor.
V The person has done or delivered some thing to
other person, the act was not illegal

V The act was legally done.

V The intention was not gratuitous, the other party

enjoys the benefits of his act.

V The other party must compensate for the act.

 m
   



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V ?e must try to find out the real owner of the
goods

V ?e must not use or consume the goods

V ?e must take care of the goods as he takes

care of his own goods

V When the real owner is found, he must

restore the goods to him
V ?e can retain the goods unless the true owner is
found
V ?e can ask the expenses of finding the goods from
the owner
V ?e can ask the expenses of preservation of the
goods from the owner.
V ?e can refuse to handover goods to the real owner if
expenses are not paid the owner
V ?e is not entitled to sue the real owner for searching
preservation expenses.
V ?e can sue the real owner if the owner has declared
any reward and afterwards he is refusing to pay.
V If the owner declining to pay reward although
he had declared the reward the finder of
goods may retained the goods until the owner
pays reward to him.

V No body in the world can deprive possession

of goods from the finder of goods; if any body
does the finder of goods can file a suit
against him.

V The finder instead of handing over goods to

the real owner may sell the goods
V When the thing is perishable.

V When the owner refuse to pay expenses of

searching & preservation of goods

V If the expenses of searching & preservation

of goods are 66.67% or more of the value of
goods

V After selling the goods and recovering the

expenses (searching & preservation) the rest
of the amount will be given to the real owner
Bailment of Goods
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Description Bailment Pledge

Party- Giver Bailor Pledgor Pawnor

Party- Receiver Bailee Pledgee Pawnee

Purpose To se to Sell To Repair To Put in case custody To secure Debt

sing of Goods by receiver May be allowed if goods are given for use Not allowed

Pledgee sells the goods if pledgor does

Right to Sell If Bailor has given right to Bailee not pay

Lien When Bailee has done any service for on goods If debt is not paid

When debt is not paid the pledgee

Not required if bailor has given for selling gives notice to pledgor then sell for
Notice of Selling purpose recovery of price
fter selling of goods; Debt is not fully
Bailee claims only service charges if bailee has received the pledgee ask remaing
tra Claim performed any work amount
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