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General Mathematics I
Lecture Chapter 1
(Number and Set)
Part A
Topics
Real Numbers
Set of Real Numbers
Operations on Real Numbers
Intervals
Absolute Values (Modulus)
Exponents and Logarithms
Exponents
Logarithms
2
Real Numbers
What number system have you been using most of
your life?
The real number system.
3
Set of Real Numbers
(i) Natural Numbers
Counting numbers (also called positive integers)
N = { 1, 2, 3, …… }
Whole Numbers:
W {0} N {0,1, 2,3,}
(ii) Integers
Natural numbers, their negatives, and 0.
Z = {……, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ……}
4
Set of Real Numbers
(iii) Rational Numbers, Q
Numbers that can be represented as a b ,
where a and b are integers and b 0.
All rational number can be represented by:
(a) terminating decimal numbers
such as 5 2 2.5, 1 2 0.5, 3 4 0.75
(b) nonterminating repeating decimal numbers
such as 2 3 0.666..., 2 15 0.1333...
5
Set of Real Numbers
(iv) Irrational Numbers
Numbers which cannot be expressed as a ratio of
two integers. They are nonterminating &
nonrepeating decimal numbers.
I 2 , e , ,
6
Set of Real Numbers
R
Q I
7
Real Number Line
Origin
–8 –4 0 4 8
21
4
53
8
Example 1.1
Answer
9
Example 1.2
Answer
10
Operations on Real Numbers
(i) Commutative Law
* Addition : a b b a
* Multiplication : a b b a
11
Operations on Real Numbers
(ii) Associative Law
* Addition : a (b c) (a b) c
12
Operations on Real Numbers
(iii) Distributive Law
(1) a (b c) ab ac
(2) a(b c) ab ac
13
Operations on Real Numbers
(iv) Identity Law
* Addition : a 0 0 a a
a + identity = a
* Multiplication : a 1 1 a a
a identity = a
14
Operations on Real Numbers
(v) Inverse Law
*Addition : a ( a ) ( a ) a 0
a + inverse = identity
*Multiplication : a 1
a a 1
1
a
a inverse = identity
15
Real Number Intervals
For any two different real numbers, a and b,
with a b :
16
Absolute Values
The absolute value (or modulus) of a real number, x
is denoted by x .
x if x0
x
x if x0
17
Absolute Values
x a a x a
x a x a , x a
18
Example 1.3
Find the values of x if
(i)
2x 3 5
x2
(ii) 3
x
(iii) 3x 1 5
(iv) 5 2x 3
19
Exponents
For n a natural number (positive integer)
and a any real number,
a a a a a
n
20
Properties of Exponents
For m, n Q and a R+,
mn
i. a a a
m n
mn
ii. a a a
m n
iii. (a ) a
m n mn
iv. a 1
0
n
v. 1
an
a
21
Exponential Equation
An equation with a variable in the exponent, called
an exponential equation.
Property :
** If a 0 , a 1, and a a , then x y.
x y
** If a 0 , a 1, and x y , then a a .
x y
22
Example 1.4
Solve (a)
9 27
x
2 x 1 x 3
(b)
32 128
x 9
(c) ( 0. 6)
25
23
Example 1.5
Solve the equation
2x 3 x
(a) 2 5(2 ) 32 0 .
2 x 1 x
(b) 5 6(5 ) 1 0
24
Example 1.6
If 2 3 48 , show that pq r ( 4q p ) .
p q r
25
Natural Exponential Base
Definition of e :
n
1
As m becomes larger and larger, 1 becomes
n
closer and closer to the number e, whose approximate
value is 2.71828...
n
1
e lim 1
n
n
Alternatively,
1 1 1 1 1 1
e
0! 1! 2! 3! 4! k 0 k ! 26
Natural Exponential Base
10
8
y 2x
6
y 3x
4
y ex
2
0
-2 -1 0 1 2
x
x
** e is between 2 x and 3 x , because e is between 2 and 3.
** All three graphs have y-intercept (0, 1).
** For x 0 , the graphs show that 3 e 2 .
x x x
xa n
means log a x n
** 1 a log a 1 0
0
** a a 1
log a a 1
When a=10 => common logarithm
When a=e => natural logarithm 28
Properties of Logarithms
ii. log a x
y log a x log a y
iii. log a x p
p log a x
29
Properties of Logarithms
log b c
iv. log a c
log b a
1
v. log a b
log b a
30
Example 1.7
(a) Solve log 2 x log 2 ( x 3) 1.
31
Example 1.8
Solve the equation
34
Example 1.11
Given that
x 3 y
2
2 lg x y 3 lg x lg y
35