CHEMICAL BONDS

Formation of Compound
Atom of various elements can chemically bond
together to form compounds
Example:
 Element sodium, Na is a silver-coloured
metal that react violently with water
 Element chlorine, Cl is a greenish-yellow gas
that is poisonous.
 Na and Cl can chemically bonded to form
sodium chloride, NaCl (which is the table
salt that we eat every day)
Exercise Quick review A (page 84)
 Formation of Chemical Bonds
• Noble gases have stable octet electron arrangements or
duplet electron arrangements.
• Atoms of other elements tend to achieve the stable
electron arrangement through the formation of chemical
bonds.
• Chemical bonds are formed when two or more atom of
elements bond together.
• Chemical bonds can be formed by the transfer of
electrons or sharing of electrons.
• When atoms join together by transferring of electrons,
an ionic bond is formed.
• A covalent bond is formed when atoms are join together
by sharing electrons.
 Ionic Bonds

• Ionic bonds are formed through the transfer of

electrons between atoms of metal and non-metal
• Metal atoms donate electrons whereas non-metal
atoms accept electrons to achieve the stable
electron arrangement
 Formation of Ions

• When an atom donates or accepts electrons,

it becomes a charged particle called an ions
• An atom that donates electrons forms a
positive ion called cation
• An atom that accepts electrons forms a
negative ion called anion
In chemical reaction

Neutral Donates electron Positive ion

atom (Cation)

Metal atom

Neutral Accepts electron Negative ion

atom (Anion)

Non-metal atom
 Example: Aluminium atom
The electron arrangement is 2.8.3
An aluminium atom donates three electrons to become
an aluminium ion, Al3+
3+
Donates three electrons

2.8.3 2.8
Aluminium atom, Al Aluminium ion, Al3+
Charge of 13 protons = +13 Charge of 13 protons = +13
Charge of 13 electrons = -13 Charge of 10 electrons = -10
Total charge = 0 Total charge = +3
Equation to represent the formation of aluminium ion: Al → Al3+ + 3e
 Oxygen atom
The electron arrangement is 2.6
An oxygen atom accepts two electrons to become
an oxide ion, O2-
2-
Accepts two electrons

2.6 2.8
Oxygen atom, O Oxide ion, O2-
Charge of 8 protons = +8 Charge of 8 protons = +8
Charge of 8 electrons = -8 Charge of 10 electrons= -10
Total charge = 0 Total charge = -2

Equation to represent the formation of oxide ion: O + 2e → O2-

 Formation of Ionic Bonds

• Ionic bonds are formed when atoms of metal

elements donate electron to atoms of non-metal
elements to achieve the stable electron
arrangement like noble gases.

• Ionic compounds are compound that are

formed through ionic bonds.
 Example:
Formation of ionic bond in sodium chloride

+ _

2.8.1 2.8.7 2.8 2.8.8

Sodium atom, Na Chlorine atom, Cl Sodium ion, Na+ Chloride ion, Cl-
• Electron arrangement of sodium atom is 2.8.1
• Sodium atom has one valence electron.
• Sodium atom donates one electron to form sodium ion,
Na+ and achieve a stable octet electron arrangement.
• Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2.8.7
• Chlorine atom has seven valence electron.
• Chlorine atom accepts one electron to form chloride
ion, Cl- and achieve the stable octet electron
arrangement.
• The sodium ion, Na+ and chloride ion, Cl- formed are
attracted to one another with strong force to form a solid
sodium chloride, NaCl compound.
• The attractive electrostatic force between the
oppositely-charged ions is called an ionic bond or
electrovalent bond.
Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed
between elements magnesium and oxygen.
Explain how the ionic bond is formed in
magnesium oxide

2-
 Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed
between elements magnesium and fluorine.
Explain how the ionic bond is formed in
magnesium fluoride

Ionic bond is usually formed by atoms of element

from Group 1, 2 and 13 (metal) with Group 15, 16
and 17 (non-metal)

Exercise Quick review B (page 87)

 Covalent Bonds

•Covalent bonds are formed when non-metal

atoms share electron to achieve stable electron
arrangement.

•Normally atoms from group 14, 15, 16 and 17

share valence electrons between them.

•Types of covalent bonds include single bonds,

double bonds or triple bonds.
 Single Bond

A single bond is a covalent bond formed when

a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.
Example:
Hydrogen molecule.
• Hydrogen atom has one valence electron and
needs one more electron to achieve the duplet
electron arrangement
• Two hydrogen atom share one pair of electron
• Two hydrogen atoms contribute one electron
each or sharing, forming a single bond in the
hydrogen molecule, H2
• Both hydrogen atoms achieve a stable electron
arrangement.
 +

Hydrogen atom, H Hydrogen atom, H Hydrogen

molecule, H2

The formation of a covalent bond can be illustrated using the

Lewis structure.

OR H-H
 Double Bond

A double bond is a covalent bond formed when

Two pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.
Oxygen molecule

• The electron arrangement of oxygen atom is 2.6

• Oxygen atom has six valence electron and needs
two electrons to achieve the octet electron
arrangement
• Two oxygen atoms share two pairs of electron,
forming a covalent double bond and achieve octet
electron arrangement
• Each oxygen atom contribute two electron for
sharing
Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed in
oxygen molecule.
 Triple Bond
A triple bond is a covalent bond formed when
three pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.
Nitrogen molecule

• The electron arrangement of nitrogen atom is 2.5

• Nitrogen atom has five valence electron and needs
three electrons to achieve the octet electron
arrangement
• Two nitrogen atoms share three pairs of electron,
forming a triple bond and achieve octet electron
arrangement
• Each nitrogen atom contribute 3 electron for sharing
Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed in
nitrogen molecule.
Try This!!!
1. Draw the electron arrangement diagram to
show the bonding formed between
(a) Potassium and oxygen
(b) Aluminium and chlorine
(c) Aluminium and oxygen
(d) Hydrogen and chlorine
(e) Chlorine and chlorine
(f) Hydrogen and chlorine
(g) Carbon and oxygen
(h) Carbon and chlorine

2. Explain the formation of compound in each (a)

to (h).
 Comparison between the formation of
ionic and covalent bonds.
Characteristic Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
Between metals Between non-metal
Types of elements (Group 1, 2 or 13) and non-metals
involved and non-metals (Group 14, 15, 16
(Group 15, 16 or 17) and 17)
Electron transfer. Sharing electron.
Metal atoms donate Pair of electrons
Bond formation electron and non- are shared by the
metal atoms accept same or different
electron. non-metal atoms.
 Comparison between the formation of
ionic and covalent bonds.
Characteristic Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
Strong electrostatic Strong covalent
Strength of bond
force. bond
Metal: positively-
charged ion
Particles in the
Non-metal: Neutral molecule
compound formed
negatively-charged
ion
 The Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compound
Properties Ionic Compound Covalent Compound
Melting and Have high melting Have low melting and
boiling point point and high boiling boiling point because:
pont because: The molecule in
Positive ions and covalent compound
negative ions are held are held together by
together by strong weak intermolecular
electrostatic forces forces.
Large amount of Less heat energy is
energy is needed to needed to overcome
overcome the strong the weak attraction
electrostatic forces. forces between
Exist as solid at room molecules.
temperature. Exist as solids, liquids
or gasses
 The Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compound
Properties Ionic Compound
Electrical Does not conduct
conductivity electricity when in solid
state but can conduct
electricity in aqueous
solution or molten state
because:
In solid, ions are fixed in
positions and do not
move freely.
In aqueous solution or
molten state, ions are
freely to move
Covalent Compound
Do not conduct
electricity in any
state because
covalent compound
consists of neutral
molecule
(In any state, do not
have freely moving
ions)
 The Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compound

Properties Ionic Compound Covalent Compound

Solubility Most ionic compounds Most covalent
are soluble in water but compounds are
are insoluble in organic insoluble in water but
solvents. can dissolve
in organic solvents.
Votality Non-volatile because High volatility because
ions are held together by of the weak attraction
strong electrostatic forces between the
forces. molecules
THE END