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Convoy Safety
 Convoy Operations
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Risk Management

‡ We¶ve heard the Buzz and News Reports.

BUT, What are the risks? What is killing and
Injuring soldiers in convoys?
± Enemy
‡ IEDs
‡ Ambush
± Accidents w/ Collisions and Rollovers
‡ Trauma/being crushed
‡ Drowning
   
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 Convoy Operations Risk Management

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Conduct Risk Management

Include Route and Terrain Analysis before each mission.
‡ Understand the vehicle capabilities specified in the TM and published
Safety Messages.
‡ Don't drive too fast for the road and weather conditions.
‡ Wear seatbelts and Kevlar/CVC helmets.
‡ Vehicle Commanders/Gunners ride under nametag defilade to the
extent possible.
‡ Learn the individual vehicle TMs, TCs, and Safety Messages that
address rollovers for each specific vehicle in your inventory. A
couple of examples are:
± Ground Precautionary Message (GPM) TACOM-WRN-Control
Number GPM-00-005 Subject: Implementation of Crew Drill,
Bradley Rollover Procedures
± ARTEP 19-100-10 for HMMWVs
‡ Conduct rollover drills.
Bottom Line: First Line Supervisor
Ensure Soldiers are Adhering to Standards.
 Convoy Operations Risk Management
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Commanders and leaders should consider the following actions to

prevent rollover incidents:

‡ Ensure convoy speeds are established and disseminated

‡ Ensure senior occupants understand their responsibilities as outlined
in AR 600-55. Specifically:
± Enforcing speed restrictions
± Enforcing use of restraint devices
± Assisting the driver in identifying road hazards
± Ensuring drivers keep the proper distance interval between vehicles
± Ensure drivers are trained in accident avoidance, hands-on skills
improvement (e.g., Advanced Skills Driver Training), and local area
hazards
‡ Crew selection - Pair inexperienced operators with experienced
operators

Bottom Line: First Line Supervisors must

Ensure Soldiers are Adhering to Standards.
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U.S. ARMYSAFETYCE
N TER
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  &* Start by training your drivers in the
six important factors that can affect vehicle stability.
These six factors are:
(1) Vehicle Center of Gravity.
(2) Load Security.
(3) Radius of Curves and Slope of Roadways.
(4) Vehicle Speed
‡ adjusted to environmental/road conditions.
(5) Trailer Towing.
(6)Vehicle Condition and Preparation.
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# ! !.%
'
 
  The height of a vehicle's center of
gravity and the length of the wheelbase determine the vehicle's
stability.
'
 . Improperly secured loads can change a
vehicle's center of gravity and its stability. Bulk tank trucks are
inherently less secure because fluids can surge when trucks
brake or go around curves, thereby altering the center of gravity.
Also, a vehicle loaded with containers will have a higher center
of gravity. Additionally, it is important that payloads are secured
as closely as possible to the lateral centerline of the truck or
trailer bed. If the payload is not centered properly, the vehicle
stability will not be equivalent when turning to both the right and
left. See Figures: next slide
'
  
    These are
important because they generate a centrifugal force that acts
sideways on the vehicle, thereby decreasing vehicle stability.
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m
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Load Distribution Examples
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# ! !.%
/01# ! '$*
As the vehicle's speed increases, the centrifugal force, or sideways
force increases. Faster speeds also result in decreased driver
response times. Speed is the factor over which the driver can
exercise the most control. When maneuvering through curves or
sudden traffic situations, a vehicle with a high center of gravity can
easily turn over.
‡ Speed is even more important when the movement of liquid cargo is
"in phase" with the vehicle's maneuver. If the liquid is on one side
during the first curve, then shifts to the other side during the next
curve, the liquid is positioned to shift back to the first side with four
times the side force it had during the initial curve.
‡ Sudden vehicle maneuvers are especially risky because the
combination of speed and load shift makes the vehicle unstable.

à   

 

 


 

 
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/21 !" &*

Vehicles towing trailers are much more prone to roll over,

especially in curves and during sudden steering maneuvers,
as a result of the exaggerated motion of the trailer.

'!



"


It is critical the vehicle is in good operating condition before

starting your mission, with particular attention paid to the tires¶
condition and air pressure. Properly performed PMCS is the
best way to control this potential hazard.
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 %3  &  ! %)%*
Every driver can take eight basic steps to prevent or reduce the potential for rollovers.
1. Adjust the vehicle speed to allow a "Speed Cushion" for maneuvering (at least 10 MPH
below the posted speed limit is recommended when approaching a curve).
2. Slow down and downshift early. Do not shift in the curve.
3. Observe speed limit and check speedometer to ensure that your vehicle is below the
posted speed.
4. Do not rely on a "seat of the pants" sense to judge speed and vehicle maneuverability.
New suspensions and chassis set-ups give a false sense of control.
5. Slowly accelerate out of the curve.
6. Maintain a "Space Cushion" (distance between your vehicle and other traffic) so that you
have a safe maneuvering speed to compensate for errors in judgment, weather, road
conditions, and poor driving by other motorists.
7. Avoid the temptation to brake hard if the rear of the vehicle or trailer ³slides out´. Instead, if
there is clearance, attempt to apply steady throttle, allowing the vehicle to straighten itself.
Braking will accelerate the skid, contributing to loss of control and rollover.
8. Risk Management Procedures. Personnel are required to wear seatbelts. All US Army
personnel should follow unit standard operating procedures/tactical standard operating
procedures and be in proper uniform when operating or riding as a passenger in military
vehicles. It is recommended when operating tactical military vehicles in off-road conditions
during field training, driver¶s training, and tactical operations that the Kevlar helmet be worn
at all times with chin strap properly secured.

NOTE: Commanders should include safety tips in initial and

sustainment tactical wheeled vehicle operator training.
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U.S. ARMYSAFE
T YCE
N T
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#!$# !
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‡ The driver and passengers MUST wear seat belts (if
equipped).
‡ The senior occupant is responsible for ensuring all
personnel, riding in or on a vehicle, are wearing seatbelts (if
equipped) and that all required equipment inside the vehicle
is properly stored and secured.
‡ The senior occupant must ensure that all personnel are
checked for injuries and injured personnel are given
emergency first aid as needed.
‡ All sensitive items are to be secured, and the accident
reported immediately.
‡ The first soldier to notice vehicle beginning to rollover
should shout ³ROLLOVER!´
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#!$# !
|

When rollover is imminent the driver performs the following:

(1) Release the accelerator.

(2) Keep hands on the steering wheel with extended but not
locked arms, tucks head and chin into chest and braces for
an impact.

(3) Yell ³ROLLOVER!´

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#!$# !
|
When the vehicle is stabilized the driver performs the following:
(1) Shut down the engine.
(2) Check for injuries.
(3) Identify an evacuation route.
(4) Retrieve fire extinguisher.
(5) Exit the vehicle.
(6) Check for fire and fuel leaks or spills.
(7) Attempt to contain fire and /or fuel leaks/spills.
(8) Account for occupants and sensitive items.
(9) Seek medical attention, as needed.
(10) Radio for help.
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#!$# !
|
When the vehicle is stabilized the passenger(s) perform the
following:

(1) Check for injuries.

(2) Exit the vehicle.
(3) Account for personnel and sensitive items.
(4) Seek medical attention, as required.
(5) Assist the driver.
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When the rollover is imminent the passenger(s) performs the

following:

(1) Tuck head and chin into chest and braces for impact.

(2) Plant feet firmly on the floor while holding onto a

stationary object.

(3) Yell ³ROLLOVER!´

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N
AME
TAG DE
FILA
DE

Within the last year, two soldiers have died in accidents because they were not following established procedures during
the operation of a combat vehicle. In the first accident, a M 1A1 tank commander (T C ) lost his life when his tank slid off a
concrete turn pad and rolled over, crushing the T C in the process. While there are other factors involved in this accident,
the TC was not at nametag defilade. T he second accident occurred when a Bradley commander, standing waist defilade in
the commander¶s hatch, received a fatal blow to the face from a tree limb that was 22 inches in circumference. Had this
soldier been at nametag defilade, the branch would have passed harmlessly over his head rather than crushing it.

Interviews conducted by the accident investigation teams in both accidents revealed that the soldiers in both units
involved knew the standard of nametag defilade when standing in the hatch of combat vehicles. F urthermore, most soldiers
understood the reasons for maintaining nametag defilade: less exposure to enemy fire and ease of dropping down in the
vehicle while conducting rollover drills. Despite knowledge of the standard, leaders in both accidents condoned the actions
of the vehicle commanders who failed to maintain the nametag defilade standard.

This hazard is not unique to M 1 series tanks and Bradley fighting vehicles. This same hazard can pose serious risk to
soldiers operating trucks with ring mounted weapons, HM M WVs with pintle-mounted weapons, F A ASVs, M 109s, recovery
vehicles and many other tracked / wheeled vehicles. Leaders at all levels must identify the risk associated with soldiers
standing in the hatches of vehicles and strictly enforce the nametag defilade standard. Furthermore, vehicle occupants and
crews must rehearse rollover drills to the point where it becomes second nature for the soldiers standing in hatches to drop
down and brace for a rollover situation.

T he nametag defilade standard is as old as tracked vehicles themselves, but still requires constant enforcement by
leaders at all levels. S
trict enforcement of the nametag defilade standard  save our soldiers lives in both combat and
training environments.

JA ME SE .SIM MON S
Brigadier General, US A
Director of Army S afety

S
AN000000ZJU
L01

U.S. ARMYSAFETYCE
NTER
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Convoy ± Name Tag Defilade

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 Convoy Safety Ɗ Lessons Learned
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‡ Install permanent collapsible seats affixed to the center of

the truck bed that accommodates:

± Seatbelts or Lap belts with shoulder harnesses built into

the seat.
± A head restraint to help counter whiplash.
± UH-60 style restraint system has been suggested as a
baseline for design.
 Convoy
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Safety Lessons Learned
‡ I |: Numerous wrecks and rollovers have occurred during movement
through Iraq during combat and non-combat operations.
‡ A
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drivers were not prepared for, such as:
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 Convoy
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Safety Lessons Learned
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DISCUSSION

‡ Extensive mileage was placed on vehicles during the conflicts and

SASO portions of OIF/OEF.
‡ Spare tires / Rims availability has been limited within theater resulting
in vehicles running with unserviceable tires. In some cases tires have
had to be replaced due to the type of tires and incompatibility with
replacement tires.
‡ Excessive heat exposure has resulted in increased side wall
blowouts.
‡ Vehicles have not been equipped with a means of carrying a spare
tire.
‡ Radial tires have proven to be the choice for the environment.
‡ Off-the Shelf replacements have been purchased but are often not to
military specifications.
 ]
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 $  %

‡ Deploy some vehicles with a spare tire (mounted and inflated on a

rim) to the extent possible.

‡ Supplement TMs/Supporting references to add some spare tires to

the BII Requirements.

‡ Theater Level Logistics Packages add some spare tires (rim mounted)
to vehicles, with replacement quantities sufficient for mission.

‡ Equip some convoy vehicles with a roof rack or rear end holder for
carrying a spare. Note: Alteration of Center-of-Gravity may alter
stability to some extent resulting in safety risk. Perform Risk
Assessment to determine acceptability.
 Convoy Safety
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Exercise Composite Risk Management

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Convoy Safety - CLFX

Convoy Live Fire Training
Local Training Area Requirements:
‡ SOP ± Detailing the training
‡ Risk Assessment required for all phases of the training
‡ Range Record must include the type of weapons, caliber, distances and
vehicles to be used. (if not these need to be evaluated and updated)
‡ One safety NCO per firer recommended in initial live fire phases
Inherent Safety Risk ± Combines Vehicles and Weapons
‡ Employ a Crawl-Walk-Run Approach
‡ Gated-Phased training
‡ Guidance in AE Pam 350-100 Convoy Operations/ Convoy Live Fire
Program (DRAFT) - Supplements Lessons Learned from OIF/OEF
The safe conduct of soldiers firing weapons and pyrotechnics, detonating
explosives, and maneuvering on ranges is a  $%' % , ! * *
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Convoy Safety - CLFX

Convoy Live Fire Training
‡ Initial training conducted at Local Training Areas
± Advanced Marksmanship/Reflexive Fire (Table IV*) Requires High
Level of Weapon
± Static Vehicle Firing Familiarization (Table VI*) Discipline
± Dry Fire, then Blanks, then Live Fire
± Requires Weapon Discipline to prevent Negligent Discharges or
Off Range Rounds.
± Ideal situation is one safety NCO (E4 or higher) per firer.
± In the Event of a Negligent Discharge or round leaving safe zone
All local/associated Range Operations will Cease with Report to
Range Control.
± All incident/accidents will be investigated and cleared by range
control prior to resuming.
*AE Pam 350-100
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Convoy Safety - CLFX

Convoy Live Fire Training
‡ Advanced phases of training conducted at Grafenwoehr Training
Area
‡ Weapons Discipline is Extremely Important.
± At any time half the weapons may be pointed off installation
‡ The major underlying reasons for errors related to all accidents and
injuries are:
± Lack of self-discipline.
± Failure to enforce standards.
± Inadequate training.
± Failure to follow procedures
± Improper or inadequate clearing
± Untimely loading/unloading
± Personnel in the path of recoil or back-blast
± Fratricide
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Convoy Safety - CLFX

‡ Risk Assessment ± Use FM 100-14, and FM 3-22.9 for Guidance
± Consider Target Audience ± i.e., Advanced Infantry Based Weapons training
for CS/CSS Units.
± High Level of Weapon Discipline Required
‡ Never point weapons at people unless intent is to kill
‡ Load only on Command
‡ LTAs Require Special Attention to Weapon Discipline due to Area Limitations
± Observe Local Range SOPs/Regulations/Guidance
± Maintain weapons on µSafe¶ until ready to fire. Pointed Downrange, Finger
outside trigger housing area.
± Never touch weapons with personnel downrange.
± Maintain Control of Ammunition/Brass ± Issue/Turn-In
‡ Keep Live and Blank Ammunition Separate
± Clear and Rod weapons prior to leaving firing line
± Maintain Medical/Emergency Personnel/Equipment
‡ Two communications systems
± Police the range when completed.
± Anyone observing unsafe act has responsibility to call ³Cease Fire!´
± Treat all weapons as µLoaded´ at ALL times.
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‡ Convoy Safety/Survivability has become a

Focus of Army Attention.
‡ The Enemy has Targeted Convoy
Vulnerability.
‡ With Proper Training we can Eliminate this
perceived Vulnerability.
‡ Safe and Effective Training is Key ± along
with Composite Risk Management.