Movement Of Capsule Through The

Digestive System

DATA COMPUTER
RECORDER

Data Acquisition & Storage Of Data

On Computer
 Data Recorder with pick up
antennae & a Computer.

A view of Data Recorder being

mounted on a belt pack tied
to the patient’s waist.
 Crohn's Disease.

 Celiac Disease.

 Malabsorption Disorders.

 Tumors of the small intestine & Vascular Disorders.

 Ulcerative Colitis

 Medication Related To Small Bowel Injury.

Capsule image of
Bowel stricture in a
patient with
Crohn’s disease
 M2A Endoscopy Procedure

 Capsule is swallowed by the patient like a conventional pill.

 It takes images as it is propelled forward by peristalsis.

 A wireless recorder, worn on a belt, receives the images

transmitted by the pill.

 A computer workstation processes the data and produces a

short video clip or still images.
 Components Of M2A Endoscope

LIGHTING LENS CMOS

DEVICE IMAGE SENSOR

TRANSMITTING
ELECTRODE
Inside The M2A

5 7

ASIC
BATTERY
ANTENNA
CMOS
ILLUMINATING
LENS
OPTICAL
LENS
TRANSMITTER
IMAGE
HOLDER
DOME
SENSOR
LED’S
 Specifications

 Diameter of 10 mm and a Length of 20 mm.

 Bullet shape - This shape and its diameter are critical for mapping the
small intestine.

 Uses Silver oxide button batteries - high energy density & disposable.

 Made up of biocompatible material.

 Optical Dome

TheOptical
The
This OpticalDome
shape results
Domeiscontains
inthe
easy
front
orientation
part
the of the
Light of capsule
the capsule
Receiving & is axis
Windowbullet
. along
It shaped.
is
the
madecentral
of non axis of smallmaterial
conductor intestinewhich
and so
is helps propel
harmless the body.
to the capsule
forward easily.
The window along with the container are sealed to prevent
infiltration of digestive fluids inside the capsule.
 Lens Holder

The Lens Holder is that part of the capsule which accommodates

the lens. The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesn’t
get dislocated anytime.
 Lens

The Lens is an integral component of the capsule. It is arranged

behind the Light Receiving Window. Light passes through this
window and falls on the lens. The Light is then focused on the
CMOS Image Sensor arranged behind the lens.
 Illuminating LED’s

the Lens
Non-reflection
Around & CMOS
coating Image Sensor,
is performed on the
four
inner
LED’s (Light
and outerEmitting
surfaces
Diodes
of the Light
) are Receiving Window
present. These plural
so lighting
that light
devices
irradiated
are arranged
from the in
LED’s
donut may
shape.
pass through the light receiving window smoothly and
illuminate an object.
 CMOS Image Sensor

CMOS
During
It has 140º
an
(Complementary
eight
fieldhour
of view
procedure,
and
Metal
canOxide
the
detect
camera
Semiconductor)
objects
obtains
as smallImage
approximately
as 0.1 mm. It
is Sensor
57,000
so precise
high
is the
quality
that
most
it can see apolyp
images
important
at apart
rate
(aof
of 2 frames
growth
the capsule.
thatper
can
Itsecond.
is
lead
highly
to cancer)
that
sensitive
is tinierand
thanproduces
0.1 millimeter
very high
(0.004
quality
inch),
images.
something an endoscope
can't do.
 CMOS Image Sensor

PIXEL READ CODING SWITCHING

ARRAY CIRCUIT CIRCUIT CIRCUIT

CURRENT
OSCILLATING CONTROL LIMITING
CIRCUIT CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
 Battery

Battery
Silver Oxide
used
primary
in thebatteries
capsule isare
button
used shaped
(Zinc/Alkaline
and are two in
Electrolyte/Silver
number as shown. Oxide).
The batteries
Such a battery
are arranged
has a even
together
discharge
just
voltage, the CMOS Image
behind disposable Sensorcause
and doesn’t . harm to the body.
 ASIC Transmitter

The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Transmitter is

arranged behind the Batteries as shown. Two Transmitting
Electrodes are connected to the outlines of the ASIC Transmitter.
These electrodes are electrically isolated from each other.
 Antennae

The Antennae
As shown,
dome Antennae
containing
the receives the isAntennae
the arranged
data fromisat
the ASIC
made
the of Transmitter
end non
of the
conducting
capsule.
andIt
is enclosed
sends
material
it to in aData
which
the is
domeRecorder
harmless
shaped to chamber.
the
tiedhuman
to the body.
patient’s
Parylene
waist. coated
onto polyethylene or polypropylene is used.
 Advantages

 Painless, no side affects or complications.

 Miniature size, so can move easily through the digestive system.

 Accurate, precise & low power consumption.

 Images taken are of very high quality which are sent almost instantaneously
to the data recorder for storage.

 Made of bio compatible material, doesn’t cause any harm to the body.
 Disadvantages

 Gastrointestinal obstructions and swallowing disorders prevent free

flow of capsule through the digestive system.

 Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women and all pediatrics have to

be monitored continuously while taking the capsule.

 The M2A procedure is not a replacement for Colonoscopy.

 Very expensive.

 It is not reusable.
 Future Improvements

 Equipping the capsule with a LASER.

 Adding additional features like Zooming & Auto Focus.

 Can be used in Restorative Surgery & Pharmacological Intervention.

 Further reduction in size using Nano Technology.

 Making it cost effective.

 Conclusion

The Given® M2A Endoscopy capsule is a pioneering concept for

Medical Technology of the 21st century.
The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be able to provide
non-invasive imaging of the entire small intestine.
It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a great
extent and has proved to be of great help to physicians all over
the world.