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ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY

HAMID NASEEM
MD SOHRAB ANSARI
Department of Electrical engineering
Outlines
 Introduction
 Function of the Kidney
 Working of Kidney
 Bowman’s Capsule
 Reabsorption by Kidney
 Dialysis
 Types of Dialysis
 How does dialysis work?
 References
Introduction
Human Possess Two Kidneys

 Situated at the back of the abdominal cavity

 Each kidney is connected to a tube called the ureter


which empties into the urinary bladder

 Each kidney is supply by a renal artery which


supplies urea and oxygen

 Each is also supply with a renal vein that leaves the


kidney with the correct levels of urea, salts & water.
Function of the Kidney
 Remove undesirable substances from the blood plasma:

• Toxins
• Metabolism wastes
• Excess of ingested water
• Excess of mineral salts

 Regulate the Acidity of blood

 25% of the blood flows through the kidneys (1,2 l/min)


Terminology

 Blood is filtered in the Nephrons

 The cortex of kidney contains about 1million Nephrons

 Nephron consists of Renal Corpuscle & Renal Tubule

 The main filter of the Nephron is Glomerulus which is

located within the Bowman's Capsule


How Kidney Works
 Supplied with blood from
Renal Artery

 Inside it splits into many


fine Capillaries

 Each capillary supplies


blood to hundreds of
thousands of tiny filtration
units called Nephrons
B
B

RENAL CORPUSCLE: SITE WHERE BLOOD IS FILTERED


Bowman’s Capsule
1. Glomerulus brings a large Blood from
surface area of blood
capillaries in close contact with renal artery
Bowman’s capsule enters wide
capillary
2. Liquid filtered from blood under
pressure (filtration)

3. Glomerular filtrate produced Blood travels


containing:
through
- Water Filtration narrow
- Glucose capillary
- Salts towards renal
- Urea Glomerular vein
filtrate
(Protein molecules and red blood
cells do not pass into tubule as
they are TOO BIG!!!!)
Reabsorption by Kidney
 Once the main components of Glomerulur filtrate enter
the bloodstream, they are no longer in bloodstream

 If nothing more happened in the Nephron then all the


useful stuff would be lost in the urine!

 Therefore, Glucose, Water and some Salts need to be


reabsorbed!
Dialysis
 Process of removing waste products and excess fluid
from the body
 Also controls blood pressure and helps body to keep
proper balance of chemicals such as potassium,
sodium, and chlorine.

 There are two methods:

 Hemodialysis (HD)
 Peritoneal dialysis (PD).
How does dialysis work?
 It uses a membrane as a filter and a solution called
dialysate to regulate the balance of fluid, salts and
minerals carried in the bloodstream.

 The toxins pass from the blood through the membrane


and into the dialysate to be taken away.

 These toxins would normally be filtered by the


kidneys and taken away in urine.
Hemodialysis
 The process takes place outside the body
 A dialysis machine pumps small amounts of blood
out of the body and through a filter called an artificial
kidney or Dialyzer.
 The Dialyzer filters extra fluid & wastes from blood.
 The Blood is then pumped back into the body.
• Fig. Hemodialysis setup
Dialyzer
Dialyzer contd…
 The dialyzer is a large container containing thousands

of small fibers through which blood is passed.


 Fluid, called dialysate, is added to the Dialyzer to :

i. Help filter out extra fluid and wastes

ii. Add chemicals that your body uses


 The Dialysate is pumped around the fibers. The fibers
allow wastes and extra fluids to pass from blood into the
solution, which carries them away.
Complications of Hemodialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
 The process takes place inside the body.

 A tube (catheter) is inserted into the abdomen during

operation.
 Special dialysis fluid is drained into the abdomen.

 Excess waste and water pass from the blood into the fluid

and after a few hours the fluid is drained out.


PD as a Three-step process:
Types of Peritoneal Dialysis
1) Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal
Dialysis
Involves 3 main steps

FILL

A bag of solution called dialysate is put

into the abdomen through the catheter


The bag holds about 2 quarts of fluid

It takes about 10 to 20 minutes to fill

When the bag is empty, it can be clamped

off
DWELL
 The solution stays in the abdomen 4 to 6 hours.
 While the solution is in the abdomen, extra fluid and wastes
move from the blood and into the solution.

DRAIN
 Using gravity, the solution is then drained
out of the body into a drain bag.
 The drained fluid is much like urine and
will be clear yellow.
 It takes about 10 to 20 minutes to drain.
2) Continuous Cycling Peritoneal
Dialysis
 Involves same fill, dwell and drain cycles.

 But the dwell time is shorter and a machine does the

exchanges.
 The dwell time is about 1½ hours.

 The machine is set up and the person is connected to the

machine for 8 to 10 hours during the night.


Hemodialysis v/s Peritoneal Dialysis
Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis

 Slower  Faster

 Requires less equipment  Requires more equipment

Causes fewer physiologic  More physiologic adverse


adverse reactions reactions

 Requires professionals  Can be performed by patient

itself
THANK YOU

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