150TH ANNIVERSARY VICTORIA BRIDGE, 1859

mid-December, first train;

1860 August, celebration

H. J. McQueen, Prof Emeritus, Mechanical Eng.,

Concordia University, Montreal H3G 1M8

mcqueen@encs.concordia.ca
 THE VICTORIA BRIDGE
1859, TUBULAR - WROUGHT IRON*
1898, TRUSS – STEEL* (*HOT RIVETED)
1957, SPUR, LIFT SPANS
•  

• ▫DUCTILE WROUGHT IRON WITHSTANDS FATIGUE

• TO KEEP THE TRAINS ON TIME & ON TRACK▪

• ▫IMMOVABLE SHARP PIERS SPLIT

• THE IRRESISTIBLE ICE, STOPPED CITY FLOODS▪
•  
• *********
• ▫111 YEARS-YOUNG STEEL TRUSS, (1898):
• STILL VITAL SEA-T0-SEA RAIL LINK▪
•  
• *********
• ▫51 YEARS HAVE PASSED SINCE SEAWAY (1958)
• SWITCHED BRIDGE INTO DOUBLE LIFT SPANS▪
•  
Isle Notre Dame to east was much smaller and
used as rail ferry terminal; rest very shallow
HERITAGE: INDUSTRIAL ? CULTURAL ?

- Cultural implies impact on citizens’ minds

- Engineering appreciated historically in bridges
- Bridges: long life, frequent use, noticeable
- Significant bridges need superstructure:
suspension, cantilever, arch, truss
- Scenic settings: broad river, cliff banks
- In case of Quebec Bridge fortunately not of
Victoria, legend heightened by collapse in
construction or of a previous structure.
Front page (1m x 0.5m) of
Report on Construction of
bridge .
Lithographs of construction
scenes, technical drawings,
diagrams of machinery,
tools, components.
Very fancy 1m x 0.5m
presentation to Prince of
Wales.
Contractors: Peto, Brassey
& Betts.
Thomas Brassey, set up
and ran Canada Works in
Birkenhead UK to make
every piece of the bridge
spans
 THE VICTORIA TUBULAR BRIDGE (1859) -
WROUGHT IRON

• Victoria Tubular Bridge viewed from the northwest,

showing the gradual incline towards the center span
(Notman photograph, McCord Museum, Montreal) [3].
SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT FOR MONTREAL
RAILROADS AND BRIDGES (#1)

 Replace less reliable crossing of St. Lawrence

• Steam ferries in summer

• Ice road in mid winter (even a railroad)

• In spring/fall, hand rowed cutter pulled across ice flows

 
• Connected Eastern Townships with Montreal.

• Extensive rail network in absence of roads.

Crossing by row boat when ice floes present
Railroads with no bridge
Ferries operated when ice floes absent
Rail crossing on ice, only for 2 or 3 years.
One locomotive fell through ice near shore
SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT FOR MONTREAL

RAILROADS AND BRIDGES (#2)

 Integrated connection to Upper Canada.

 Population grew: 1842 487,000 - 1861 1,396,000

 Entry into the modern world with a continuous rail system

• Britain 1825-1850 60,000 miles of rail road
 
 Future prospects of Progress and Economic Growth

 City population 1860, ~70,000; 1898, ~350,000

 National unity, strong support from politicians

SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT FOR MONTREAL

RAILROADS AND BRIDGES (#3)

 Connection to Atlantic to overcome winter cut-off of river and of

Lachine Canal

 Compete with the US railroads and the Erie Canal

 Compete:
• for passengers with networking system of steamboats and stage coaches
• for freight with boats on rivers, lakes, and canals.
 TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 ADVANCES IN POWER GENERATION – STEAM ENGINE, EFFICIENCY

INTENSITY, CONTINUITY, MAGNITUDE, SPECIFIC CAPACITY

 PROGRESS IN VOLUME AND QUALITY OF IRON AND STEEL

 IMPROVED ACCURACY IN MACHINING COMPONENTS

 RIVETED JOINTS IN BOILERS, SHIP HULLS

 TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT

  RAILROADS: LOCOMOTIVES (G + R STEPHENSON),

ROLLING STOCK

 RAILS (initially iron straps on wood),

 RAIL NETWORKS, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron

 BRIDGES (in Britain: 25, 000 in 70 years)

 CREATIVE DEMANDS
• BRIDGE STRUCTURES; LOW RISE unlike arch
RESISTANT TO HEAVY FATIGUE LOADING
• MATERIALS: HIGH DUCTILITY; PROPERTIES
DEFINED
• JOINING:: HOT DRIVEN RIVETS (no welding)
Glens Viaduct in Western Highlands, Scotland
Glens Viaduct in Western Highla
IRON BRIDGE, FIRST OF CAST IRON
River Severn near Coalbrookdale
Cast iron girder bridges above 30m
Subject to brittle fracture
 Thomas C. Keefer first pres. 1887 Samuel Keefer 3rd pres. 1889
Can. Soc. Civil Engineers pres. Am. Soc. Civil Eng.
1888
sited VicB in rapids (9m deep) to the west
of port in survey for Montreal- Toronto RR
 IMAGINED TUBULAR BRIDGE (ABOUT1850) –
WOOD OR DUCTILE WROUGHT (F0RGED) IRON

• 24 medium spans plus a longer center span … …

gradual incline towards the center span
• prows on the piers for breaking ice floes.
• Thick protective abutment walls to hold shore ice
• (Notman photograph, McCord Museum, Montreal) [3].
Double Walled caisson towed into position.
Sank from rocks between walls.
Sealed with clay.
Pumped out bottom cleared to bed rock.
Bottom of Caisson
Steam shovel, note chain to stationary engine
One of first in North America.
 Boulder from bottom to
commemorate 6000 typhus victims
1846-47
Piers under construction, 1856
Pier design: Height ≈30m x 30m x 8m
 TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT

BRIDGES – DESIGN LIMITED BY MATERIALS

 EUROPE: MASONRY REPLACED BY METALS

(masonry trestle) Arch - suspension – box girder – cantilever

 NORTH AMERICA: WOOD REPLACED BY IRON THEN STEEL

(Wood trestle), wooden truss, suspension, cantilever.

 In USA much greater experimentation than in Europe.

 Covered wooden truss bridges: 1000 in Quebec, 400 in N.B., many in USA

 1850 START OF BEAM AND TRUSS THEORY

 TECHNOLOGICAL CONTEXT

METALLURGICAL ADVANCES

 Blast Furnace Fueled with Coke (Cast Iron) 1750

 Puddling and Forging of Wrought Iron 1780

 Steam Powered Hammers and Rolling Mills

 Rolling of Plate, Sheet, Slitting, Angle Bending (Ship hulls to tinplate for cans)

 Grooved Rolls for Bars

 Hot Pressure Welding of Chains and Pipes (No arc or gas welding)

 Bessemer Converter, Open Hearth for Steels 1865

 The principal figures in the building of
the Britannia Bridge.
Stephenson from L.T.C. Rolt, The
Robert Stephenson
Railway Revolution (New York, 1962).
Fairbairn from Life of Sir William
Fairbairn (London, 1877).

William Fairbairn
• Michael Fairbairn tested
elliptical box girder of
plate-rib riveted
structure (like two ship
hulls, one inverted), top
buckled.
• He changed to rectangle
with top reinforced with
tubes for Brittania Bridge
in Wales
• Tested riveted joints,
optimum spacing/rows,
strength, clinching force
Britannia Bridge, “Great Tunnel in the Sky”
Twin tubes, 2main spans 140m, at Menai Straights, Wales
Transverse section through Longitudinal section through middle of tube
middle of tube

Final design of Britannia Bridge. From Fairbairn, An Account of the Construction of the Britannia and
Conway Bridges (London, 1849), plate 4
Hot rolled sections riveted to plates
To create joints, prevent buckling
HOT DRIVEN RIVETS

▪RIVET SHANKS EXPAND TO FILL HOLES

NEAR HEADS
▪HEADS CLAMP PLATES DUE TO DRIVING
PRESSURE
▪CLAMPING PRESSURE RAISED BY RIVET
CONTRACTION
▪▪THESE FACTORS PREVENT SLIP OF
PLATE SPLICES
▪▪ GIVE WATERTIGHT JOINTS: ships,boilers.
▪RIVETS - COLD-HEADED RODS,. FASTENER FACTORY
SUMMARY OF STRUCTURAL METALS (#1)
WROUGHT IRON – DUCTILE FORM

1200BC Reduced from ore as solid blooms

Forge refined by heating in a hearth and hammering,
folding, welding and dividing

CAST (PIG) IRON (brittle): pillars, arch segments (compression)

~1400 Blast furnace smelts iron to pig ~ 6% C
1750 Large scale blast furnace (coke) production of liquid pig iron

1780 PUDDLING; carbon removed from liquid pig, slag by flame,air in

hearth
Puddled balls forge into bars squeezing out slag, piled, rolled to sheet
Slag stringers (~2%) in long direction breaks like wood
Etched microstructures of wrought iron showing slag stringers: a) elongated,
parallel in rolled bars on left and irregular from primary hammering on right, as
prepared by Kirkaldy in 1862, (after C.S. Smith, 1960 [21]); and b,c) elongated slag lying in
recrystallized ferrite grains (X50) and c) exhibiting FeO and Fe 2O3 (X500, bar 10 μm) [24].
Wrought iron fracture:: macroscopic splitting
along the slag stringers in a Charpy specimen. [23]
Wrought iron fracture surfaces: a,b) fractographs by optical
microscopy (5X)
a) parallel and b) normal to the slag stringers [23
SUMMARY OF STRUCTURAL METALS (#2)
WROUGHT IRON – DUCTILE FORM
1200BC Reduced from ore as solid blooms
Forge refined by heating in a hearth and hammering,
folding, welding and dividing
CAST (PIG) IRON (brittle): pillars, arch segments (compression)
~1400 Blast furnace smelts iron to pig ~ 6% C
1750 Large scale blast furnace (coke) production of liquid pig iron
1780 PUDDLING; carbon removed from liquid pig, slag by flame,air in hearth
Puddled balls forge into bars squeezing out slag, piled, rolled to sheet
Slag stringers (~2%) in long direction breaks like wood

CANADA 1857:: 7 ironworks ON—NB 5-9 kt pigi ron, … ..

. 0.5 kt WI finery forges
9 foundries, 2 puddling hearths Montreal
1850 Forges St. Maurice 2k tons/yr, ~0.5 kt/y WI forge, no rolling
1859 Victoria Bridge, 9000 tons (Canada ~5kt pig, ~0.5kt
WI)
Map of Eastern Canada showing location of iron works and their dates of operation;
the Forges St. Maurice QC (1729-1883) was the first and the longest lived.
Grantham QC, Radnor QC, Londonderry NS and Ferrona NS continued to the end of
the charcoal era [30].
At the Forges St. Maurice The hydraulic system, as designed by
Chaussegros de Lery, drove the bellows
A for the blast furnace (high carbon iron) and
B, C for the finery furnaces associated with the two forging
hammers to work the low carbon iron [22]
At Forges St. Maurice, water-powered shaft with 4 teeth raised
helve hammer for beating the slag out of finery iron muck bars
Except for hammer / anvil, the hurst frame constructed mainly of
wood reinforced with iron straps; the projecting horizontal wooden
spring safely limited the upward throw of the hammer
Similar iron-framed, steam-powered hammers used to about
 VICTORIA TUBULAR 1859
- Grand Trunk RailRoad: Portland ME;
Inter-Colonial RR, Maritimes
- Box girder (trains only, ran in box)
- Ship plate–rib structure, riveted
- Wrought Iron (WI) imported as punched
components from England (technology
transfer from Brittania Bridge)
- Canadian iron works insufficient WI
capacity (Forges St.Maurice no puddling
furnace, 2 in Montreal - sheet for nails)
 THE VICTORIA TUBULAR BRIDGE (1859) -
WROUGHT IRON

• Victoria Tubular Bridge viewed from the northwest,

showing the gradual incline towards the center span and the
prows on the piers for breaking ice floes.
• The thick protective abutment walls were removed when reconstructed in
1898. (Notman photograph, McCord Museum, Montreal) [3].
 VICTORIA BRIDGE 1859 (#1)

 Robert Stephenson, Chief Designer (Britannia B., 1850 #)

• (# 2 x 138m + 2 x 69m, twin tubes 4.9m x 9m high

 Alex M. Ross, Chief Engineer (GTR)

 James Hodges, Chief Site Engineer

 Peto, Brassey and Betts contractor (Britannia B.). ..

… Thomas Brassey, chief engineer, Canada Works fabrication
….shop, Birkenhead, U.K.
 VICTORIA BRIDGE 1859 (#3)

 Wrought Iron from Britannia Iron Works (Britain)

 Fabrication, Canada Works, Birkenhead, UK

 Allowed Stress 11 ksi, (76MPa)
 Weight 9,050 tons Cost 6.3$M (285$/ft)

 Comparison
• (Niagara suspension bridge 1855 (Roebling) $375/ft)
• (Numerous maintenance reinforcements, replaced 1883 by
cantilever)
 CANADA WORKS, BIRKENHEAD
• sheared, bent every plate, angle, tee
• Punched all hole with Ross-Jaquard
computer steam puncher
• Fabricated each span, numbered every piece
• Each complete span shipped in separate ship
• No parts lost, nor too many
• Field construction only 6 months per year
• Thomas Brassey
View of construction, Montreal end
Laying the floor beams of the tube, workmen are aligning holes in
preparation for the riveting team standing by the forge at the right.
Rivets joining web and flange angles are clearly seen in the lithograph.
Riveting Gang.
Rivet Heater, Back Holder
(12 lb mass)
2 Hammer men (91 lb)
HOT DRIVEN RIVETS –1780
SHIPHULLS, BOILERS NONLEAK

▪RIVETS - COLD-HEADED RODS,. FASTENER FACTORY

▪ Procedure heating cherry red, (980C, austenite)

…..portable forge (rivet boy)
▪RIVET POSITIONED IN HOLE, SUPPORTED BY 12
…….POUND - HAMMER (HOLDER)
▪RIVET DRIVEN BY BLOWS FROM 9 POUND HAMMERS,

-(2 RIVETERS ALTERNATELY. [300 RIVETS PER SHIFT]

▪ 1840 IN SHOPS, HYDRAULIC C SHAPED RIVETERS

▪ 1920 IN FIELD, PNEUMATIC GUNS WITH BUCKING

BAR HOLDER.
Tube, scaffolding. Traveling crane.
Span on scaffolding (French Canadian wood framers).
Traveling cranes.
Center span constructed in winter.
Scaffolding supported on bottom.
Materials transported on ice.
Completed Victoria Tubular bridge
The Engineers:
Robert Stephenson – chief designer
William Fairbairn – test to optimize
Alexander Ross - chief engineer
James Hodges – site engineer
Thomas Brassey – part manufacturer, site survey
T. C. & S. Keefer - site survey, selection
Interior; Light at End of Tunnel
White pine timber raft from Ottawa Valley
to Quebec City for Europe
 After sailing up through Lachine Canal,
Duchess of York shooting the Lachine Rapids to return
under VicB
Lady Elgin, First Locomotive on Grand Trunk RR in Ontario, 1851-52
Built by Thomas Brassey at Canada Works, Birkenhead
Locomotive Lady Elgin pulling train of Prince of Wales
On Grand Trunk RR to opening of Victoria Tubular Bridge
CAST IRON FAÇADE J.W. HOPKINS ST.CATHERINE+UNIVERSITY S.W.
The Crystal Palace, opened by His Royal Highness August 25, 1860
Moved to Park Ave. 1878, Destroyed by fire 1896
Clendinneng’s Foundry in Montreal, 1872
The McDougalls have made Grantham into a significant concern. It supplies
pig iron to the main foundries of our country, particularly the McDougall
foundry in Montreal. The iron is reputed to be the best in North America for
railcar wheels and other goods.
1888, WI through truss
 MODERN BOX GIRDER BRIDGES

 Concorde B. (1965) 3 x 160m + 2 x 150m (Montreal, Ile Ste-

Helene)

 Neus B. (1953), 203m + 2 x 101m (Dusseldorf/Rhine)

• Vertical web 7m deep at pier tapered to mid span
• (Germany built 320 km of bridging by 1955 replacing 4800
destroyed)

 Severn B. (1966), 972m suspension, deck: air foil box 3m

deep x 22m wide
 VICTORIA BRIDGE 1859 (#4)

 Grand Trunk Railway, bridge essential system link

 Intense Traffic 100 Trains/Day in 1897

 Comparison
• (Niagara suspension bridge 1855 (Roebling) $375/ft)
• (Numerous maintenance reinforcements, replaced 1883 by
cantilever)
 SUMMARY OF STRUCTURAL METALS (#3)
STEEL (only hardened steel before 1860)
Swords: Rome, India, Japan, Arabia, Europe
1850 (60kt) for cutting tools, cutlery
  1865 mild steel from pig iron in Bessemer converter and …
Siemens-Martin open hearth
… …

1900 World 28Mt, Britain 5Mt, USA 11Mt, Canada 0.1Mt

1859 Victoria Tubular B. 9,000 ton WI

1898 Victoria Truss B. 22,000 tons
(Bessemer)
 
1901-1907 Quebec B. 73,000 tons
collapsed
1910-1917 Quebec B. Final 23,000 tons
CANADA 1901 Dominion Iron & Steel, Sydney
1903 Algoma Steel, Sault St-Marie
50,000 tons Ni steel
100kt of C steel mainly for rails
No high strength Ni steel, no plate mill

 
 APPLICATIONS TRANSFER FROM WROUGHT IRON TO STEEL

RAILS AXLES WHEELS SHIPS BRIDGES BUILDINGS

STEEL BEGINS 1865* 1890 1900 1860 1870 1888

WROUGHT IRON 1890 1910 1910 1890 1890 1900‡

ENDS

*RAILS, STEEL 18 X LIFE OF IRON ‡1889 EIFFEL TOWER 300M

• Metal pig iron WI Steel

• 1850 4.7 Mt 3Mt (60%) 60 kt
• Canada 5 kt 0.5 kt 0.1 Mt
• 1900 39 Mt 0.5Mt( 1.3%) 28 Mt
 THE VICTORIA TRUSS BRIDGE (1898) – STEEL,
HOT RIVETED

A view of the Victoria Truss Bridge from the south-west,

showing Mount Royal and the City in the background
(taller center span outlined against sky)[2].
The piers had been widened above the prows and the abutments simplified.
The Eleventh Pier and Section of Twelfth Span
The cross-section of the double-track truss is shown in reference to the single-
track tube cross-section that was replaced. The truss had twice the lineal
weight but could carry close to 4 times the load in increased train weights and
added road traffic. (After Szeliski [5].)
Construction of the truss span around the tube supported
by a wider construction frame directly resting on the piers
It could be rolled forward span by span, supported on the tube [
 VICTORIA TRUSS 1898 (#1)

 Double Track (9.5m wide), Old piers widened at top

 Constructed around tube (traffic never stopped)

 19 spans Detroit B. Co., 6 spans Dominion B. Co.

 Pratt Trusses, height mid span: center 18m, side 12m

 Stress: allowed 21Ksi (145MPa) Yield Stress 35Ksi

 Weight: 22,000 tons Cost: 2M$ for new work

 J. Hobson, chief engineer, GTR

Victoria Truss 1898:: Horse/carriage approaching Montreal
Steam locomotives in two directions
Close up view of the truss structure fabricated by riveting from narrow sheared
plates, bars and angles; vertical laced channels in compression, diagonal bars in
tension. The transverse beams, attached below the truss, support the twin tracks
and extended roadways.
 THE VICTORIA TRUSS BRIDGE (1898) – STEEL,
HOT RIVETED

A view of the Victoria Truss Bridge from the south-west,

showing Mount Royal and the City in the background
(taller center span outlined against sky)[2].
The piers had been widened above the prows and the abutments simplified.
 VICTORIA TRUSS 1898 (#2)

 Carriage ways (5m) outside the trusses; FIRST ACROSS ST. LAWRENCE

 1908 trolley track on east side, 1955 2 lane road

 1935 west side widened to 2 lanes

 
 1958 2 lift spans, Seaway, ends of St-Lambert lock

 alternate auto roads on canal banks

 Spur rail bridge 5 spans, fly over for autos

 Girders placed under spur switch spans, replacing trusses (traffic never
stopped)
 Seaway 1958
 2 lift spans,, ends of St-Lambert lock

 Spur rail bridge 5 spans, rolled sections,

welded into similar truss
 Girders placed under spur-switch spans,
replacing trusses (traffic never stopped)
• fly over for autos……… alternate auto roads on
canal banks
Photograph (~1980) of the Victoria Bridge from the north-west shows the trusses rising to
the higher center span and the new spur going to the west lift-span (outlined against sky)
over the seaway.
Diagram of the track diversion required by the introduction of twin lift-spans at the Seaway. The
turnout (lower right) required replacement of two original spans by below-track girders and
construction of a spur with 6 new spans on piers in line (of water flow) with the old ones. (After
Szeliski [5].)
Girder above track holding up right side,
Left side truss and transverse beams are cut away
Girders below track at switch,
two truss spans removed (view from spur)
Last girder placed on new pier half-way between
originals.
(4 girders only half as strong 2 trusses)
 VICTORIA TUBULAR 1859
- Grand Trunk RailRoad: Portland ME to
Chicago; Inter-Colonial RR, Maritimes
- Box girder (trains only, ran in box)
- Ship plate–rib structure, riveted
- Wrought Iron (WI) imported as punched
components from England (technology
transfer from Brittania Bridge)
- Canadian iron works insufficient WI capacity
(Forges St.Maurice no puddling furnace, 2 in
Montreal - sheet for nails)
 Wrought Iron::
Swords To Large Scale Shaping
• For swords, smiths hammer lamination of hard and
ductile bands for a range of hardness.
• Puddled wrought iron (WI) balls forged above 1100°C
into bars, ejecting the molten slag
• Forging as ferrite below 900°C needs less force but not
good for forge welding.
• Bundled bars forged twice more to large blooms with
aligned 3% slag stringers (D. Kirkaldy 1872) for
transverse crack resistance.
• Forging also welded shut any cavities
• Forged into engine shafts, plates for boilers, hulls.
• rivets cold headed (bulged stringers) from bars (grooved rolls)
• rivets driven hot (950-700°C) for water tight clinching
HOT DRIVEN RIVETS –1780– SHIPHULLS, BOILERS NONLEAK
▪RIVETS - COLD-HEADED RODS,. FASTENER FACTORY
▪heating cherry red, 980C, austenite, portable forge (rivet boy)
▪RIVET POSITIONED IN HOLE, SUPPORTED BY 12 POUND
- HAMMER (HOLDER)
▪RIVET DRIVEN BY BLOWS FROM 9 POUND HAMMERS,
- (2 RIVETERS ALTERNATELY. [300 RIVETS PER SHIFT]
▪IN SHOPS, HYDRAULIC C SHAPED RIVETERS; IN FIELD,
▪PNEUMATIC GUNS WITH BUCKING BAR HOLDER.
▪RIVET SHANKS EXPAND TO FILL HOLES NEAR HEADS
▪HEADS CLAMP PLATES DUE TO DRIVING PRESSURE
▪CLAMPING PRESSURE RAISED BY RIVET CONTRACTION
▪▪THESE FACTORS PREVENT SLIP OF PLATE SPLICES
- GIVE WATERTIGHT JOINT.
 WORLD PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL
1850 1870 1880 1890 1900 1918
PIG IRON 4.7MT (70%) * PUDDLE* (5%)* 39MT
(BLAST B>1/2 BRITAIN 1/4
FURNACE, G~1/2 GERMAN 1/4
COKE) USA ~1/3

CHARCOAL, 5KT 10KT (1885) (4. KT) 18 KT 0KT

COKE, 0KT (1885) (20 KT) 80 KT 3MT
CANADA
PUDDLED 3 MT BRITAIN 0.5 MT
IRON 2KT CANADA
STEEL 60KT 0.5 MT (1873) 28 MT 2.5 MT
T tons 0.2KT 12KT (0.65MT) BRITAIN 4.9 MT
22KT (0.2MT) GERMAN 8.0 MT
USA 11 MT
CANADA 0.1 MT #
St. Lambert Lock and Victoria Bridge during construction.
St. Lambert Lock and Victoria Bridge
Cast iron arch bridge on river Spey by Telford
National energy policy 1973,
Piere Trudeau, Macdonald

Alberta energy planning to

make much money
(after being subsidized on oil
price by Ontario for 20 years)
Map
 Thomas C. Keefer first pres. 1887 Samuel Keefer 3rd pres. 1889
Can. Soc. Civil Engineers pres. Am. Soc. Civil Eng.
1888
sited VicB in rapids (9m deep) to the west
of port in survey for Montreal- Toronto RR
Double Walled caisson towed into position.
Sank from rocks between walls.
Sealed with clay.
Pumped out bottom cleared to bed rock.
Bottom of Caisson
 Steam shovel
One of first in North America.
 Boulder from bottom to
commemorate 6000 typhus victims
1846-47
Piers under construction, 1856
Pier design: Height ≈30m x 30m x 8m