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MENTAL DISORDERS
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INTRO

To elucidate the basic concept oI abnormal

behavior (mental illness) Ior our Iuture
consumption while dealing with human beings.
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DEFINING MENTAL ILLNESS
HIST PERSPECTIVE OF MENTAL ILLNESS
PREVALENCE
KINDS
ANXIETY
DEPRESSION
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
CONC
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contd
DEFINING MENTAL ILLNESS DEFINING MENTAL ILLNESS
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Definitions
No universally Accepted DeIinition
Behaviors that violate the norms oI society
A wide variety oI disorders, ranging Irom mild distress to
severely impair a person`s ability to Iunc.
What is Mental Illness?
Substantial disorder oI
Thought, mood, perception, or memory
Which grossly impairs iudgment, behavior, capacity
to recognize reality, or ability to meet
the ordinary demands oI liIe.
DEFINING MENTAL ILLNESS DEFINING MENTAL ILLNESS

Definitions
Encyclopedia Britannica
Any illness with signiIicant psychological or behavioral
maniIestations associated with either a painIul or distressing
symptom or impairment in one or more important areas oI
Iunctioning.
Mental disorders are diseases that aIIect cognition, emotion,
and behavioral control and substantially interIere both with the
ability oI children to learn and with the ability oI adults to
Iunction in their Iamilies, at work, and in the society.
Steven Hyman
psvchiatric disorder
psvchopathologv
Preliterate Societies
back 4,000 to 5,000 yrs
Ancient Societies
Greece and Rome belieI spirits or
demon cause mental illness.
Hippocrates- not agreed and believed;
All illnesses, incl mental illnesses, had
natural origins
Plato, adhering to a somewhat
supernatural view oI mental illness
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4 The Middle Ages (5
th
-15
th
)
Christianity, dominated concepts oI mental illness.
Mentally ill people were possessed by the devil or demons,
Witches inIect others (WitchcraIt).
Religious Inquisition and Barbaric Treatment.
Imbalances in the Four Bodily Humors (Blood, Black Bile,
Yellow Bile, and phlegm), poor diet, and grieI.
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4 The Islamic world oI North AIrica, Spain, and the Middle east
held humane attitudes toward mentally ill.
4 God loved insane people.
4 Established asylums in Baghdd ,Cairo, Damascus, and Fez.
4 The asylums oIIered patients spec diets, baths, drugs, music, and
pleasant surroundings.
The Renaissance
Brought both deterioration and progress
Witch-hunts and exec escalated throughout Europe,
mentally ill persecuted.
Some scholars - renewed attn to more rational
explanations oI behavior.
Swiss physician Paracelsus returned to the views oI
Hippocrates,
German physician J. Weyer argued that witches were
mentally disturbed people in need oI humane medical
treatment.
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The Age of Enlightenment
18th and 19
th
Use oI crude devices
treat mental illness
no real relieI.
The circulating swing, top lt.
Tranquilizing chair, top rt.
to calm people with mania.
The crib, -ottom. was widely
used to restrain violent
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The Age oI Enlightenment (18th and early 19th centuries)
Bedlam
The Hospital oI Saint Mary oI Bethlehem, a London mental hospital
commonly known as Bedlam, sold admission tickets to the public in
the 18th century, becoming a popular tourist attraction. In this
picture two women (seen in the background) tour the hospital,
watching the mentally ill patients Ior their amusement. The hospital
became notorious Ior its miserable conditions and cruel treatment oI
patients.
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The Age oI Enlightenment (18th and early 19th centuries)
Pinel Frees the Insane
French physician Philippe Pinel supervises the unchaining oI
mentally ill patients in 194 at La Salptriere, a large hospital in
Paris. Pinel believed in treating mentally ill people with compassion
and patience, rather than with cruelty and violence.
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The Age of Enlightenment
American reIormer Dorothea Dix championed
the causes oI prison inmates, HorriIied by the
conditions provided Ior the mentally ill.
Dix successIully petitioned the state govt Ior improvements in 184.
She was directly responsible Ior bldg or enlarging 2 mental hospitals
in North America, Europe, and Japan.
Clifford Whittingham Beers wrote Mind
That Found Itself. which exposed the poor
conditions he had suIIered while conIined.
He went on to establish several organizations
dedicated to the promotion oI mental health reIorms in the United.
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Recent Dev
WHO dev mental health policies that seek to reduce the huge
burden oI mental illness worldwide.
These agencies are working to improve the qual oI mental
health svcs in AIrica, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and
elsewhere by educating govts on prevention and treatment oI
mental illness and on the rts oI the mentally ill people.
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4 Worldwide
0 to 40 oI people in a given population experience a
mental illness during their lives.
4 Among Children and Adolescents
Anxiety and Depression disorders most common
4 Among the Elderly
Greater age oI people living beyond the age oI 65
4 Among the Poor
Highest rates among people oI lower socioeconomic cls
Rates decline as lvls oI income & edn inc
4 Among Men and Women
4 Changing Rates oI Mental Illness
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
Personality Disorders
Cognitive disorders
Dissociative Disorders
SomatoIorm Disorders
Factitious Disorders
Eating Disorders
Impulse-Control Disorders
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Anxiety. Emotional state in which people Ieel uneasy,
apprehensive, or IearIul.
All people experience anxiety to some degree
Moderate anxiety is normal and even beneIicial.
Too little anxiety or too much anxiety is a problem
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Anxiety Disorders An abnormally high lvl oI
anxiety over a long pd oI time.
4 Chronic 'readiness to deal with some Iuture threat.
4 Muscle tension
4 Sleeping problems
4 Headaches.
Higher lvls oI anxiety may produce symptoms as ;
Rapid heartbeat
Sweating,
Increased Blood Pressure,
Nausea and Dizziness.
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4 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Feel anxious most oI the time
Worry excessively about routine events
They recognize their anxiety as irrational
Unable to control their worrying
Disturbed sleep, irritability, muscle aches, and tension,
4 !hobias
Intense and persistent Iear oI a speciIic obiect, sit, or activity
An excessive, enduring Iear oI clearly deIined obiects or sit that
interIeres with a person`s normal Iunctioning.
They know their Iear is irrational
Try to avoid the source oI their Iear
Fear oI heights acropho-ia) and Iear oI enclosed places
claustropho-ia),
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4 !anic Disorder
Experiences repeated, unexpected panic attks
Intense Iear, apprehension, or discomIort
Racing heart, shortness oI breath, trembling, choking or
smothering sensations
Fears oI 'going crazy
Attks may last Irom a Iew sec to several hrs
Panic disorder Irequently dev agorapho-ia
Eventually become reluctant to leave their home
4 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
person experiences recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions)
and Ieels compelled to perIorm certain behaviors (compulsions)
again and again.
4 !ost-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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4 Genetics and Neurobiology
Run in Iamilies
Some people may inherit genes that make them vulnerable to
anxiety
Genes do not necessarily cause people to be anxious
But the genes may increase the risk oI anxiety disorders
When certain psychological and social Iactors are also present
Anxiety also appears to be related to certain brain Iunctions
Neurotransmitters, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), play a
role in regulating one`s level oI anxiety.
Lower lvls oI GABA are associated with higher lvls oI anxiety.
Some studies suggest that the neurotransmitters norepinephrine
and serotonin play a role in panic disorder.
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4 !sychological Factors
Sigmund Freud suggested that anxiety results Irom internal,
unconscious conIlicts.
He believed that a person`s mind represses wishes and Iantasies
about which the person Ieels uncomIortable.
This repression results in anxiety disorders, which he called
.
Behaviorist researchers believe one`s anxiety lvl relates to how
much a person believes events can be predicted or con.
Overprotective parents and little conIidence in children ---
may cause anxiety.
They also believe children may learn anxiety Irom a role model,
A child may also learn anxiety as a conditioned response
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4 Social Factors
Some social psychologists believe
Anxiety is triggered by social Iactors.
Many people Ieel anxious in response to stress, such as a
divorce, starting a new iob, or moving.
Many cultures accept the expression oI anxiety and emotion in
women, but expect more reserved emotional displays Irom men.
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4 Medications
A gp oI tranquilizing drugs, benzodiazepines.... high lvls oI
anxiety.
Benzodiazepines stimulate the GABA neurotransmitter system.
Common benzodiazepines incl:
alprazolam (Xanax),
clonazepam (Klonopin), and
diazepam (Valium).
It can work quickly with Iew unpleasant side eIIects
Benzodiazepines can slow down or impair motor behavior or
thinking
Must be used with caution, particularly in elderly persons.
Can be addictive
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4 !sychotherapy
sychoana|ys|s
Eliminate neurotic symptoms
By bringing the individual`s repressed Iantasies, memories, and
emotions into consciousness.
hav|ora| 1hrap|s
Focus on the behavior
behavior oI all kinds, both normal and abnormal, is the product
oI learning.
Applying the principles oI learning, they help individuals
replace distressing behaviors with more appropriate ones.
(ehavior Modification)
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2
Feelings oI unshakable sadness,
Hopelessness, or Pessimism;
Lowered SelI-esteem and Heightened SelI-depreciation;
A Decrease or Loss oI Ability to Enioy Daily LiIe
Reduced Energy and Vitality;
Slowness oI Thought or Action;
Loss oI Appetite and Disturbed Sleep or Insomnia(sleeplessness)
Thoughts oI Committing Suicide.
Depression may be Fleeting or Permanent,
Mild or severe, / acute or chronic.
More common in women than in men.
Rate inc with age in men, while in peak Ior women b/w ages oI 5
and 45.
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4 Biological Factors
Genetically identical twins raised in the same envmt are three
times more likely to have depression in common.
Children oI depressed people are vulnerable to depression
Neurotransmitters play an imp role in regulating moods and
emotions.
Neurotransmitters involved in depression incl norepinephrine,
dopamine, and serotonin.
An imbalance oI hormones may also play a role in depression
Manv depressed people have higher lvls of hvdrocortisone
cortisol).
An underactive or overactive thyroid gland can lead to
depression.
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4 !sychological Factors
sychoana|ysts
Melancholia, or Maior Depression,
As a response to losseither real loss, such as the death oI a
spouse, or symbolic loss, such as the Iailure to achieve an
important goal.
A person`s unconscious anger over loss weakens the ego,
resulting in selI-hate and selI-destructive behavior.
ogn|t|v|sts
Emphasize the role oI irrational thought processes.
Depressed people tend to view themselves, their environment,
and the Iuture in a negative light because oI errors in thinking
These errors incl Iocusing on the negative aspects oI any sit,
misinterpreting Iacts in negative ways, and blaming themselves
Ior any misIortune. 0
4 Stressful Events
StressIul experiences can trigger depression For example,
The death oI a loved one may trigger depression.
Divorce, pregnancy, the loss oI a iob, and even childbirth.
About 20 percent oI women experience an episode oI
depression, known as postpartum depression. aIter having a
baby.
In addition, people with serious physical illnesses or
disabilities oIten develop depression.
People who experience child abuse appear more vulnerable to
depression than others.
People living under chronically stressIul conditions,
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4 Antidepressant Drugs
Up to 0 percent oI people with depression respond to
antidepressant drugs
Not addictive, but they may produce unwanted side eIIects.
Prozac has become the most widely used antidepressant in the
world
4 !sychotherapy
Studies have shown that short-term psychotherapy can relieve
mild to moderate depression as eIIectively as antidepressant
drugs.
ognitive--ehavioral therapv
interpersonal therapv
Psvchodvnamic therapv
4 Electroconvulsive Therapy
4 Regular Aerobic Exercise 2
!ersonality a char way oI thinking, Ieeling, and behaving.
Personality embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most
clearly expressed in interactions with other people.
It incl behavioral chars,both inherent and acquired, that distinguish
one person Irom another and that can be observed in people's
relations to the envmt and to the social gp.

!ersonality Disorders
Mental disorder that is marked by deeply ingrained and lasting
patterns oI inIlexible, maladaptive, or antisocial behaviour.
An accentuation oI one or more personality traits.
Behavior that deviates Irom the norms or expectations oI one`s
culture.
An estimated 20 percent oI people in the gen population have one or
more personality disorder.
4 Antisocial !ersonality Disorder
Act in a way that disregards the Ieelings and rights oI other people.
OIten breaks the law.
May use or exploit other people Ior their own gain.
May lie repeatedly, Act impulsively, and get into physical Iights.
They may mistreat their spouses, neglect or abuse their children,
and exploit their employees.
They may even kill other people.
Usually Iail to understand that their behavior is dysIunctional
because their ability to Ieel guilty, remorseIul, and anxious is
impaired.
AIIects about percent oI males and 1 percent oI Iemales.
People with this disorder are at high risk Ior premature and violent
death, iniury, imprisonment, loss oI employment, bankruptcy,
alcoholism, drug dependence, and Iailed personal relationships.
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4 Borderline !ersonality Disorder
Intense emotional instability
Particularly in relationships with others.
They may make Irantic eIIorts to avoid real or imagined
abandonment by others.
They may experience minor problems as maior crises.
Also express their anger, Irustration, and dismay through suicidal
gestures, selI-mutilation, and other selI-destructive acts.
They tend to have an unstable selI-image or sense oI selI.
About 2 percent oI all people have borderline personality disorder
Borderline personalities are at high risk Ior developing
depression, alcoholism, drug dependence, bulimia, dissociative
disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Avoidant !ersonality Disorder
Social withdrawal due to intense, anxious shyness. People with avoidant
personalities are reluctant to interact with others unless they Ieel certain
oI being liked. They Iear being criticized and reiected. OIten they view
themselves as socially inept and inIerior to others.
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Dependent !ersonality Disorder
Dependent personality disorder involves severe and disabling emotional
dependency on others. People with this disorder have diIIiculty making
decisions without a great deal oI advice and reassurance Irom others.
They urgently seek out another relationship when a close relationship
ends. They Ieel uncomIortable by themselves.
istrionic !ersonality Disorder
People with histrionic personality disorder constantly strive to be the
center oI attention. They may act overly Ilirtatious or dress in ways that
draw attention. They may also talk in a dramatic or theatrical style and
display exaggerated emotional reactions.

Narcissistic !ersonality Disorder

People with narcissistic personality disorder have a grandiose sense oI
selI-importance. They seek excessive admiration Irom others and
Iantasize about unlimited success or power. They believe they are
special, unique, or superior to others. However, they oIten have very
Iragile selI-esteem.
Obsessive-Compulsive !ersonality Disorder
Characterized by a preoccupation with details, orderliness, perIection,
and control. People with this disorder oIten devote excessive amounts oI
time to work and productivity and Iail to take time Ior leisure activities
and Iriendships. They tend to be rigid, Iormal, stubborn, and serious.
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!aranoid !ersonality Disorder
People with paranoid personality disorder Ieel constant suspicion and
distrust toward other people. They believe that others are against them
and constantly look Ior evidence to support their suspicions. They are
hostile toward others and react angrily to perceived insults.
Schizoid !ersonality Disorder
Involves social isolation and a lack oI desire Ior close personal
relationships. People with this disorder preIer to be alone and seem
withdrawn and emotionally detached. They seem indiIIerent to praise or
criticism Irom other people.
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Other !ersonality Disorders
epressive personalitv disorder is characterized by chronic pessimism,
gloominess, and cheerlessness.
In passive-aggressive personalitv disorder. a person passively resists
completing tasks and chores, criticizes and scorns authority Iigures, and
seems negative and gloomy.
Result Irom a complex interaction oI inherited traits and liIe experience
ntisocial personalitv disorder may result Irom a combination oI a
genetic predisposition to impulsiveness and violence, very inconsistent
or erratic parenting, and a harsh environment that discourages Ieelings
oI empathy and warmth but rewards exploitation and aggressiveness.
orderline personalitv disorder may result Irom a genetic
predisposition to impulsiveness and emotional instability combined
with parental neglect, intense marital conIlicts b/w parents, and
repeated episodes oI severe emotional or sexual abuse.
ependent personalitv disorder may result Irom genetically based
anxiety, an inhibited temperament, and overly protective, clinging
parenting.
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Personality change is exceedingly diIIicult
Sometimes people can change the most dysIunctional aspects oI their
Ieelings and behavior.
Cognitive and behavioral techniques
Role playing and logical argument, may help alter a person`s irrational
perceptions and assumptions about himselI .
DiIIerent tech are used Ior diIIerent personality disorders.
Psychotherapy is usually ineIIective Ior people with antisocial
personality disorders
Psychoactive drugs are sometime used.
(Psychoactive Drugs, chemical substances that alter mood, behavior, perception, or mental
Iunctioning.
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Symptoms
Delusion
hallucination
Disorg Thinking
and Speech,
Bizarre Behavior,
social withdrawal.
Causes
Genetic Iactors
Structural brain
abnormalities
abnormalities in the
prenatal environment
stressIul liIe events
Treatment
combination oI
medication,
rehabilitation, and
treatment oI other
problems
Antipsychotic drugs
(neuroleptics)
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Microsoft Encarta 2008. 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Aerophobia Flying
Agoraphobia
Open spaces, public
places
Aichmophobia Sharp pointed obiects
Ailurophobia Cats
Amaxophobia Vehicles, driving
Anthropophobia People
Aquaphobia Water
Arachnephobia Spiders
Astraphobia Lightning
Batrachophobia Frogs, amphibians
Blennophobia Slime
Brontophobia Thunder
Carcinophobia Cancer
Claustrophobia
Closed spaces,
conIinement
Acrophobia
Clinophobia
Going to bed
Cynophobia Dogs
Dementophobia Insanity
Dromophobia Crossing streets
Emetophobia Vomiting
Entomophobia Insects
Genophobia Sex
Gephyrophobia Crossing bridges
Hematophobia Blood
Herpetophobia Reptiles
Homilophobia Sermons
Linonophobia String
Monophobia Being alone
Musophobia Mice
Mysophobia
Dirt and germs
Clinophobia