The Cardiovascular System:Heart

By: John Lee Lorena Gacusan,BSN,RN

The Heart
Ancient Greeks believed the heart was the

seat of intelligence. Others believed that the heart was the source of emotion.

The Heart
 pumping organ  Hollow muscular organ  Positioned obliquely between the lungs and

the mediastinum  Approximately 5inches long, 3.5 inches wide and 2.5 inches thick  Weighs 250-350 grams

3 Layers of the Heart

Endocardium-innermost layer Myocardium-muscular middle layer Epicardium-outermost layer Pericardium- thin membranous sac that covers the heart 2 Layers a. Parietal Layer-the outer layer b. Visceral layer- the inner layer  Pericardial Space-the space between the parietal and visceral layer -contains 20-30cc of serous fluid which protects the heart.
a) b) c) 

Layer of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

 A membranous muscular septum divides the

heart into 2 distinct sides.  Interatrial Septum-the septum that divides the atrium into 2 parts  Interventricular Septum-the septum that divides the ventricles into 2 parts

Chambers of the Heart

1.

Atrium-upper chambers of the heart -the receiving chambers. 2 Types

a) Right Atrium
low pressure chamber receives systemic venous blood through the superior and inferior vena cava

b) Left Atrium
low pressure chamber receives oxygenated blood returning to the heart from the lungs thru pulmonary veins

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide/ Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

Decreases the reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys.

Chambers of the Heart

2.

Ventricles-the lower chambers of the heart 2 Types

a. Right Ventricle
low pressure chamber receives blood from the right atrium thru the tricuspid valve during ventricular diastole ejects deoxygenated blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery into pulmonary circulation during ventricular diastole

b. Left Ventricle
a high pressure chamber Receives blood from the left atrium through the mitral valve during ventricular diastole. Ejects oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and into the systemic circulation during ventricular systole

Chambers of the Heart

Heart Valves
unctions
Connects the chamber outflow tracts Maintains unidirectional blood flow Prevents mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.

A. Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

2 Types
a. Tricuspid Valve
contains 3 cusps or leaflets located between the right atrium and right ventricle contains 2 cusps located between the left atrium and left ventricle

b. Mitral/ Bicuspid Valve

Heart Valves
B. Semilunar Valve Each containing 3 cusps Located between each ventricle and corresponding artery Prevents backflow from aorta or pulmonary artery into ventricles during relaxation 2 Types a. Pulmonic Valve-located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery b. Aortic Valve-located between left ventricle and aorta Papillary Muscle-muscle bundles in ventricular walls Chordae Tendinae-fibrous bands that keeps valves closed during systole

Heart Valves

Cardiac Conduction System

a) Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Location: superior wall of the right atrium Action: the normal pacemaker, responsible in initiating impulse Effect: Atrial Contraction Location:lower portion of the right atrium Action: delays impulse from SA node (0.1sec) Effect: Ventricular Relxation

b) Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Cardiac Conduction System

c) Bundle of His/ Atrioventricular Bundle
Bundle of fibers in the myocardial septum Location:interventricular septum Action: responsible for transmission of impulse from AV node to Purkinje fiber Location:ventricular walls Action: responsible in recieving impulse from AV node via Bundle of His Effect: Ventricular Contraction

d) Purkinje Fiber

Cardiac Conduction System

Properties of the Heart Muscle

Rhythmicity-regularity of heart rate Excitability-ability of the heart to repond to stimulus Ex.cardiac arrest-CPR  Conductivity-transmission of electrical impulse  Contractility- ability of the heart to:
 
Contract Pump Shorten

Automaticity-ability of the heart to initiate its own impulse

Heart Sounds
  

First Heart Sound(S1)-lub, closure of the AV Valve Second Heart Sound(S2)-dub, closure of semilunar valve Third Heart Sound(S3)-Ventricular Gallop -normal in persons younger than 30 but pathologic in older person Fourth heart Sound(S4)-Atrial Gallop -linked to resistance of ventricular filling -seen in hypertrophy or injury of the ventricular wall

Nervous Control of the Heart

1.

Central Nervous System

 Medulla Oblanggata -2 Cardiac Centers (Accelerator and Inhibitory) regulates heart rate and Blood Pressure CN10/ Vagus Nerve -vagal stimulation decreases heart rate Sympathetic NS -releases Norepinephrine which causes arterial vasoconstriction -increases heart rate and (+) inotropic effect (increases force of contractility) Parasympathetic NS -releases acetylcholine which cause decrease in Heart rate and delayed AV conduction

2.

Peripheral Nervous System



3.

Autonomic Nervous Sytem



Nervous Control of the Heart

4. Chemoreceptors
located in the carotid and aortic bodies decrease in O2 and increase CO2 concentration increases HR located in the carotid and aortic bodies increase or decrease in HR results in BP Changes

5. Pressoreceptors

Nervous Control of the Heart

THANK YOU!!!...