Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Days' Receivables
Days' Payables
Order Placed
Cash Received
Time ==> Accounts < Payable > Invoice Received Disbursement < Float > Payment Sent
Cash Paid
Creating, preserving, and collecting A/R. Establishing and communicating credit policies. Evaluation of customers and setting credit lines. Ensuring prompt and accurate billing. Maintaining up-to-date records of accounts receivables. Initiating collection procedures on overdue accounts.
A credit manager or a captive finance company is the administrator of credit policies. Credit policies and collections will impact cash flows so credit and cash managers must work together. Reasons for credit and cash manager interaction include the accuracy of cash flow forecast, banking network management, and accounts receivable updating.
- Variable Costs
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= .2128 = 21.28%
If the company can borrow at less than 21.28%, it should do so and use the borrowed funds to pay early and take the discount.
Monitoring and control is the responsibility of the credit manager. Receivables turnover
least favored technique
Monitoring conducted on individual accounts through aging schedules. Monitoring conducted at the aggregate level using days sales outstanding (DSO).
DSO
Can give an indication of overall collection efficiency. Changes in sales volume, payment patterns, or strong seasonablity in sales can distort DSO.
DSO =
If the companys credit terms are net 60, the average past due is computed as follows:
Average Past Due = DSO - Avg. Days of Credit Terms = 74.11 Days - 60 Days = 14.11 Days
Aging Schedule
Is a list of the percentage and/or amounts of outstanding A/R classified as current or past due. Used primarily to identify past due accounts. Can be prepared at the aggregate level or customer-by-customer. Subject to distortions due to sales variations.
Aging Schedule
Separates A/R into current and past due receivables in 30-day increments (on a customer or aggregate basis) and can determine the percent past due
Age of Accounts
0 30 days 31 60 days 61 90 days 91 + days Total
A/R
$1,750,000 $375,000 $250,000 $125,000 $2,500,000
% of A/R
70% 15% 10% 5% 100%
Sales
$250,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000
The total outstanding A/R balance at the end of March is: $595,000 = ($50,000 + $165,000 + $380,000) The estimate of cash inflows for April = 5% of April sales + 40% of March sales + 35% of February sales + 20% of January sales: Estimated April inflows = (0.05 x $500,000) + (0.40 x $400,000) + (0.35 x $300,000) + (0.20 x $250,000) = $340,000
A/R Financing
Unsecured Bank Borrowing Secured Bank Borrowing Captive Finance Company Third Party Financing Institutions Credit Card Factoring Private Label Financing
effect on dollar profits sales effect receivables effect return on investment effect
default probability
credit limits opportunity cost of funds invested in receivables companys overall cost of capital
Cash Application
Cash application is the process of matching and applying a customers payment against accounts receivable. Done via an Open Item or a Balance Forward system.
Used in commercial transactions. Each invoice is recorded separately in an account receivable file. Payments are matched to the particular invoice in the file.
Collection Procedures
Typical collection effort
initial contact within 10 days of delinquency then reminder letter followed by phone call sales force notified last resort, reference to collection agency/legal action
Collection agency
Phase 1 - computer generated collection letter, when accounts are 45 to 90 days past due Phase 2 - commissioned collectors used
Collection Procedures
Companies tend to be more aggressive the larger the receivables balance Companies understand the good-will tradeoff when selecting collection methods
lengthening terms increases exchange rate risk also increases default risk harder to get D&B reports harder to get bank credit information